屋顶绿化生态系统箱的研制

调查发现广州市屋顶自然生长的维管植物有49科109属128种,植物种类较多的科为菊科、禾本科、桑科、景天科、茜草科和鸭跖草科;屋顶自然生长的植物种类数量与环境受污染程度成反比,而与周围植物的多少成正比;屋顶自然生长的植物由于长期适应屋顶的极端环境,形成了的一些独特的生态生物学特征。基于上述结果配置相应的植物组合,设计适于屋顶绿化的生态系统箱、配制相应土壤并进行技术集成,观测其生长和隔热效应。同时进行空白对照、黑网荫蓬对照、生态隔热层对照、普通土壤种植区对比试验,发现生态隔热层和生态系统箱具有成本低、易维持、隔热好、景观美的效果。     

Application of CFD Methods for Modelling in Air Pollution Problems: Possibilities and Gaps

Different urban air pollution problems deal with complex structure of air flows and turbulence. For such problems the Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods become widely used. However, this approach despite a number of advantages has some problems. Experience of use of CFD tools for development of models and suggestions of their applications for a local scale air pollution over a complex terrain and stable stratification are discussed in this paper, including: Topography and complex geometry: choose of the co-ordinate system and computer grid; Turbulence closure for air pollution modelling: modified k- model for stable stratified ABL; Boundary conditions for vertical profiles of velocity for stable-stratified atmosphere; Effects of the radiation and thermal budget of inclined surfaces to dispersion of pollutants; Artificial sources of air dynamics and circulation.Some examples of CFD applications for air pollution modelling for a flat terrain, mountainous area, mining open cast and indoor ventilation are discussed. Modified k- model for stably-stratified ABL is suggested. Due to the isotropic character of the k- model a combination of it in vertical with the sub-grid turbulence closure in horizontal can be more suitable for ABL. An effective scheme of boundary conditions for velocity profiles, based on the developed similarity theory for stable-stratified ABL, is suggested. Alongside with the common studies of atmospheric dispersion, the CFD methods have also demonstrated a good potential for studying anthropogenic and artificial-ventilation sources of air dynamic and circulation in local-scale processes of air pollution.     

Influence of the oxide content on the ignition energies of aluminium powders

Some results of determination of ignition energies for an aluminium powder with various oxide contents are presented. Common use of processes like high-speed cutting produce explosive dust clouds, so that we focused this study on hazard of metallic powders. An industrial aluminium powder has been used for this work. An original process, based on the principle of electrochemical anodisation, has been developed to increase, under control, the oxide coating of particles.

The sensitivity study to spark ignition was performed in an Hartmann explosion tube of 1.3L. The Langlie test method was applied to evaluate the energies leading to a probability of ignition of 50% (E₅₀) of the selected samples. The results confirm that the ignition energies increase with the oxide content of the powder.     

街区建筑物对城市交通隧道废气排放的影响

采用大气边界层模式和随机游动扩散模式相连接的模拟方法,对上海市拟建的交通隧道排气口附近街道建筑物区域的气流分布和废气排放物浓度场进行了数值模拟分析,设计了6种方案,并按不同的废气排放形式,分别分析了街区的地面污染物质量浓度分布.结果表明,在建筑物存在的情况下,排风口造成的地面污染物质量浓度的最高值会很大,可达0.44 mg/m3,若换成排风塔,则为0.13 mg/m3; 没有建筑物的情况下,由排风口和排风塔造成的地面污染物最高质量浓度分别为0.11 mg/m3,0.4 mg/m3.当风速增大,质量浓度会降低,最大值分别从0.44 mg/m3降为0.2 mg/m3,和从0.13 mg/m3降为0.1mg/m3.分析表明,建筑物附近的气流特征对污染物扩散会起引导作用: 垂直方向上,导致污染物从高空被带入地面; 水平方向上,使得污染物在下风向堆积; 当风速增大时,地面污染物质量浓度值降低.同时研究表明,对排风塔污染物散布起主要作用的是水平方向的气流结构,而对排风口的污染物散布起主要作用的则是其附近建筑物的背风侧的气流下洗效应和水平流场,因此建筑物背风侧有可能成为重污染区.     

氯氟烃化合物对臭氧层的影响---浅谈制冷剂R22替代R502的价值与技术

从保护臭氧层,保护环境的角度出发,介绍了氯氟烃化合物对环境的影响。阐述了用制冷剂R22代替R502在低蒸发温度应用时需要解决的问题和如何解决。     

Effects of tectonic stress environment on tectonophysical features of deformed coal

To study the effects of the tectonic stress environment on the tectonophysical features of deformed coal, No.8 Mine in the Pingdingshan mine area is used as a study area and the relationship between the development of deformed coal, distribution of fractures, formation of deformed coal and tectonic stress environment are analyzed. The results indicate that the thickness of the bedrock layer should be included in the analysis of the tectonic stress environment for a region of intense tectonic activity. Although the reverse faulting stress regime can control the development of deformed coal, the C seam is extremely sensitive to the stress regime. The most advantageous direction of the deformed coal fractures is consistent with the regional maximum principal stress, and the development of fractures is closely related to the evolution of the tectonic stress environment. The fracture density of the E seam presents a uniform distribution, yet that of the C seam is completely heterogeneous. Superposition and compounding of the tectonic communities evidently increase the fracture density of the deformed coal. There is a relatively apparent boundary between the different types of deformation, which gradually transform from brittle to ductile with a decreasing lateral pressure coefficient. A generalized deformation pattern of the deformed coal is proposed and can be divided into frictional sliding and solid flow.     

乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性

利用土壤薄层层析法研究乙草胺和丁草胺在土壤中的移动性以灌溉河水为展开剂,得到乙草胺和丁草胺在北京海淀壤土中的相对移动值Rf的平均值分别为0.121和0.031,在河北白洋淀砂壤土中的相对移动值R_f的平均值分别为0.147和0.032.采用不同的土壤试验,乙草胺的移动性存在一定的差异.说明乙草胺在土壤中的移动性与土壤的性质有关,特别是土壤有机质含量,土壤吸附性能越强,越不易移动.乙草胺属于移动性弱的农药品种,移动等级为Ⅱ级,丁草胺属于移动性很弱的农药品种,移动等级为I级乙草胺和丁草胺虽然同属于酰胺类除草剂,但是,由于它们的水溶解度的差异,它们在土壤中的移动性有较大的差别.以30mg·L^-1的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠水溶液(DDBS)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)为展开剂,乙草胺在北京海淀壤土中的R_f的平均值分别为0.159和0.098.阴离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的迁移,阳离子表面活性剂能够促进农药在土壤中的吸附,从而阻止农药在土壤中的迁移.     

最大剪切模量对土动力参数及地震反应的影响

最大剪切模量是影响土的动剪切模量比、阻尼比和土层地震反应的最重要参数之一。通常采用室内应变法来确定最大剪切模量，给出土的动剪切模量比和阻尼比，而采用现场剪切波速法求得的结果则很少见。研究了剪切波速法和应变法所确定的最大剪切模量对土动剪切模量比、阻尼比和土层地震反应的影响，推导了两种方法所确定的动剪切模量比和阻尼比之间的关系式。结果表明：最大动剪切模量对土的动剪切模量比、阻尼比和土层地震反应的影响很显著。     

国际环境保护公约中技术转让障碍问题的探讨

随着世界各国对全球资源与环境问题认识的逐步提高 ,发展中国家必将签署越来越多的国际环境公约 ,参与到国际环境保护合作中。尽管许多国际环境公约都明确规定了发达国家在资金和技术上支持发展中国家保护环境履行国际公约的义务 ,但是实际履约过程中技术转让的问题并未得到良好的解决。论文将讨论国际环境公约履约中的技术转让障碍问题 ,并以中国履行《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》 ,实施臭氧层保护行动过程中所存在的实际问题为例 ,对国际环境公约履行中技术转让障碍的原因及其后果进行分析 ,最后对发展中国家所应采取的立场和对策提出建议。     

纳米TiO2/硅藻土光催化降解蒽醌染料废水的研究

为提高光催化剂的稳定性,选取硅藻土为载体,以钛酸四异丙酯为前驱物,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2/硅藻土光催化剂,并利用XRD、SEM、FT-IR等技术对其进行表征.以蒽醌染料弱酸性艳蓝RAW为目标降解物,考察了TiO2/硅藻土的光催化活性、最佳pH值范围及催化剂重复使用对光催化活性的影响.结果表明,所制备的TiO2为锐钛矿和金红石混晶型,平均粒径11nm,通过控制硅藻土加入量可以得到负载均匀的光催化剂.所制备的TiO2/硅藻土具有较强的光催化活性,对弱酸性艳蓝RAW的降解效果好于商品Degussa P25型TiO2,最佳pH值为4.0.该催化剂性质稳定,重复使用15次后,催化活性仅降低12.4%.