Weak-wind mesoscale meandering in the nocturnal boundary layer

This study examines the strength and statistical behavior of mesoscale motions on time scales up to 1 h using eight data sets over different surface types. The mesoscale motions include internal gravity waves, microfront-like structures, horizontal modes, and a complex variety of other signatures, perhaps resulting from superposition of different modes. With weak large-scale flow, the mesoscale motions lead to meandering of the wind direction, as found in previous studies. However, the meandering often takes the form of sudden wind shifts rather than oscillation of wind direction. The relative strength and impact of such mesoscale motions are examined in terms of the constancy of the wind vector, the within-record standard deviation of the wind direction and the ratio of a meso-velocity scale to the speed of the large-scale flow. The strength of the mesoscale flow varies by an order of magnitude between nights at a given site and varies systematically between sites. The statistics of the vertical structure of such motions are examined for two of the data sets, both with sonic anemometers at seven levels.     

Effects of Earthworm Invasion on Plant Species Richness in Northern Hardwood Forests

Abstract:  The invasion of non-native earthworms ( Lumbricus spp.) into a small number of intensively studied stands of northern hardwood forest has been linked to declines in plant diversity and the local extirpation of one threatened species. It is unknown, however, whether these changes have occurred across larger regions of hardwood forests, which plant species are most vulnerable, or with which earthworm species such changes are associated most closely. To address these issues we conducted a regional survey in the Chippewa and Chequamegon national forests in Minnesota and Wisconsin (U.S.A.), respectively. We sampled earthworms, soils, and vegetation, examined deer browse in 20 mature, sugar-maple-dominated forest stands in each national forest, and analyzed the relationship between invasive earthworms and vascular plant species richness and composition. Invasion by Lumbricus was a strong indicator of reduced plant richness in both national forests. The mass of Lumbricus juveniles was significantly and negatively related to plant-species richness in both forests. In addition, Lumbricus was a significant factor affecting plant richness in a full model that included multiple variables. In the Chequamegon National Forest earthworm mass was associated with higher sedge cover and lower cover of sugar maple seedlings and several forb species. The trends were similar but not as pronounced in Chippewa, perhaps due to lower deer densities and different earthworm species composition. Our results provide regional evidence that invasion by Lumbricus species may be an important mechanism in reduced plant-species richness and changes in plant communities in mature forests dominated by sugar maples.     

高层建筑承受纵向地震波时的安全核算构想

高层建筑可预期的灾变非至一端，这里仅探讨高层建筑的抗震性能问题。地震过程中楼体受到的是地震波和自身固有频率的共同作用，此时楼体是一个多维动态系统，其应力状态比传统方法所描述的力学模型要复杂行多。本文应用ANSYS三维仿真有限元软件，采用单点响应谱的方法，对楼体在纵向地震波作用下的应力状态和变形情况进行了分析。对楼体构件单元型式的选择、网格密度的确定、有限元模型的建立等也提出了自己的见解。在后处理中，用列表和图形的方式显示了楼体的位移和应用状态。     

黄土表面酸碱性质的研究

在不同浓度支持电解质条件下，利用滴定方法研究黄土样品的表面酸碱属性，将酸量滴定上清液作为体系空白以补偿固体颗粒溶解和份间络合反应对定量估算子质子消耗的影响，两种简易的表面络合模式的拟合结果表明，恒定容量模型和扩散层模式分别适用于高离子强度（0.1mg/L）和低离子强度（0.01和0.005mol/L）条件下黄土表面的质子反应过程。     

不同挥发分煤尘层最低着火温度变化规律研究

针对煤化工等行业的沉积煤尘热自燃问题,运用煤尘层最低着火温度测试系统,研究了不同挥发分煤尘层的着火状态、不同挥发分及不同厚度煤尘层最低着火温度的变化规律。结果表明:煤尘层厚度为5 mm时,挥发分质量分数大于35%的煤尘在较低温度便出现着火现象,肉眼很容易观察到火星的出现,温度曲线波动剧烈,而对于挥发分质量分数小于15%的煤尘,通过煤尘层内部"温度达到450℃"来判断其着火;在灰分质量分数相当的情况下,煤尘层最低着火温度随挥发分增加呈严格递减的趋势变化;得到了煤尘层厚度和最低着火温度的函数关系式,通过试验得到了挥发分质量分数为37.45%煤尘的重要常数M和N。     

Nitrate removal from aqueous solutions by magnetic cationic hydrogel: Effect of electrostatic adsorption and mechanism

Excessive nitrate(NO_3~-) is among the most problematic surface water and groundwater pollutants.In this study,a type of magnetic cationic hydrogel(MCH) is employed for NO_3~-adsorption and well characterized herein.Its adsorption capacity is considerably pHdependent and achieves the optimal adsorption(maximum NO_3~--adsorption capacity is95.88±1.24 mg/g) when the pH level is 5.2-8.8.The fitting result using the homogeneous surface diffusion model indicates that the surface/film diffusion controls the adsorption rate,and NO_3~-approaches the center of MCH particles within 30 min.The diffusion coefficient(D_s) and external mass transfer coefficient(k_F) in the liquid phase are1.15 × 10~(-6) cm~2/min and 4.5 × 10~(-6) cm/min,respectively.The MCH is employed to treat surface water that contains 10 mg/L of NO_3~-,and it is found that the optimal magnetic separation time is 1.6 min.The high-efficiency mass transfer and magnetic separation of MCH during the adsorption-regeneration process favors its application in surface water treatment.Furthermore,the study of the mechanism involved reveals that both-N~+(CH_3)_3 groups and NO_3~-are convoluted in adsorption via electrostatic interactions.It is further found that ion exchange between NO_3~-and chlorine occurs.     

京津冀典型城市一次重污染过程特征及边界层结构变化对其影响

为探究典型重污染过程的污染特征与大气边界层结构演变规律,基于PM_2.5采样数据、气象观测数据及WRF-Chem模式,以北京市和石家庄市2016年12月27日—2017年1月10日一次重污染过程为研究对象,对气象要素、PM_2.5化学组分、天气背景场、边界层结构演变特征,以及大气边界层结构变化对ρ(PM_2.5)及其主要化学组分的影响进行分析.结果表明:①研究期间,北京市和石家庄市ρ(PM_2.5)分别为(165.63±110.89)(247.67±95.22)μg/m3,石家庄市污染程度高于北京市;高空纬向环流和地面弱高压控制的天气背景场,低于1.75 m/s的风速以及超过75%的相对湿度是造成北京市与石家庄市重污染的不利气象条件.②重污染时段北京市与石家庄市SNA(SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+三者的统称)与碳质组分(OC、EC)占比之和超过76%,是PM_2.5中的两大主要组分;重污染时段ρ(SNA)占比明显上升,北京市与石家庄市ρ(SNA)占比由非重污染时段的42.23%、45.93%分别升至重污染时段的58.87%、59.62%;北京市与石家庄市ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)分别为5.13、3.51,表明在重污染时段两城市存在明显的二次有机气溶胶污染.③WRF-Chem模式模拟结果表明,PM_2.5污染严重时北京市与石家庄市在300~500 m处均出现明显的逆温,垂直风场主要表现为低层偏南风顺时针向上切变为偏西风,切变高度在400~1 000 m,逆温层结与明显垂直风切变的边界层特征共同抑制了污染物的湍流与扩散.④北京市与石家庄市重污染时段的PBLH(Planetary Boundary Layer Height,大气边界层高度)日均值与非重污染时段相比分别下降了202、128 m,PBLH每下降100 m,北京市与石家庄市ρ(PM_2.5)分别上升18.81、29.85 μg/m3,PBLH下降是导致两城市ρ(PM_2.5)快速上升的重要因素.北京市与石家庄市的PBLH与PM_2.5组分质量浓度之间的相关性不同,北京市PBLH与ρ(SNA)的相关性高于与碳质组分质量浓度的相关性,石家庄市PBLH与ρ(EC)相关性最高,表明此次重污染过程中北京市PM_2.5污染特征以二次形成为主,而石家庄市以一次排放为主.研究显示,北京市与石家庄市此次重污染过程与大气边界层结构变化密切相关.      

一次冷锋过程中我国区域空气污染边界层特征

利用常规地面气象和探空资料、ERA-interim再分析资料、以及全国PM_2.5浓度数据,针对2015年3月7~11日一次冷空气南下的锋面天气过程中,我国华北、华东地区出现的大范围空气污染,开展了高空各层天气形势分析,以及本次过程中污染区域由北至南6个城市（北京、章丘、郑州、南阳、武汉、长沙）边界层气象要素的垂直结构及其时空演变特征的研究.结果表明：在污染前期（3月7~8日）中高纬度500hPa平直的纬向环流和地面均压场,为污染天气的发生和维持以及空气污染物的集聚提供了有利的环流场.污染中期（3月8~10日）冷空气南下,地面冷高压向华东地区移动,重污染区域随冷高压前部的弱低压场或均压场由北向南移动.伴随着天气系统移动,六个地面观测站的边界层特征在时空上表现出相似性,由北向南各站在污染期间先后出现多层逆温,风速较小,逆温层下相对湿度较大.此次多层逆温的形成是由于夜间近地面辐射冷却、冷锋移动过程中产生的锋面逆温以及边界层以上的下沉运动造成的.本研究揭示了在天气系统移动中,位于天气系统相同部位站点的边界层结构具有共同的特征,及其与空气污染的关系.     

重构土壤垂直剖面重金属Cd赋存形态及影响因素

针对矿业废弃地高背景值-历史矿业源相叠加区下土壤重金属Cd污染问题,以西南地区某历史硫磺矿业废弃地重构土壤为研究对象,采集剖面土壤共30个样品,分析测试土壤样品中镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)和汞(Hg),利用电镜扫描-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)和重金属形态连续提取的BCR方法,分析不同土层厚度下Cd的赋存形式,运用风险评价编码法(RAC)和次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)对其进行有效性评价,以及对不同理化性质下Cd各形态的变化规律进行了初步探讨.结果表明,研究区5种重金属中Cd全量的富集系数最高,达4以上;通过形貌特征可以发现,样品中存在较多的次棱角状、棱角状颗粒,不同深度下的能谱特征显示结果相似,均含有Cd、Fe、S和As等元素,Cd元素是以类质同象形式存在;对Cd进行潜在风险评价,RAC结果显示为中等风险及以下,RSP结果主要为重度污染;重金属全量是影响Cd各形态含量分布的最主要因素,其次pH、有机质和CEC,对垂直深度的土壤Cd赋存形态也表现出不同程度的影响.该研究结果可为进一步了解Cd在剖面土壤的活性、迁移规律、生物毒性和赋存形式提供科学依据.     

基于外检测的新投产管道合于使用评价实践

目的落实油气管道定期检验工作,确保管道安全平稳运行,方法通过对西南管道公司所辖某天然气管道进行外腐蚀直接检测,包括管线敷设环境调查、防腐层状况不开挖检测、管道阴极保护有效性评价检测以及开挖直接检验。根据检测结果进行合于使用评价,包括应力分析计算、剩余强度评估、管道剩余寿命预测等。结果管道允许使用,再评价间隔5年。结论直接检测方法采用多种检测手段对管道外腐蚀情况和防腐保护系统进行管道全面检验,并出具合于使用评价,是一种综合的完整性评价方法,符合法定检验的要求,其评价结果可作为管道完整性管理的可靠依据,可据此制定管道的维修方案和预防措施。