Dynamics of Turbulence in Low-Speed Oscillating Bottom-Boundary Layers of Stratified Basins

This paper focuses on the impact of an oscillating low-speed current on the structure and dynamics of the bottom-boundary layer (BBL) in a small stratified basin. A set of high-resolution current profile measurements in combination with temperature-microstructure measurements were collected during a complete cycle of the internal oscillation (`seiching') in the BBL of Lake Alpnach, Switzerland. It was found that even a relatively long seiching period of 24 hours significantly changed the form of the near-bottom current profiles as well as the dynamics of the turbulent dissipation rate compared to the steady-state law-of-the-wall. A logarithmic fit to the measured current profiles starting at a distance of 0.5 m above the sediment led to inconsistent estimates of both friction velocity and roughness length. Moreover, a phase lag between the current and the turbulent dissipation of 1.5 hours and a persistent maximum in the current profile at a height of 2.5 to 3 m above the sediment were observed. The experimental findings were compared to the results of a k- turbulence model and showed good agreement in general. Specifically, the inconsistent logarithmic fitting results and the observed phase lag were reproduced well by the model.     

Weak-wind mesoscale meandering in the nocturnal boundary layer

This study examines the strength and statistical behavior of mesoscale motions on time scales up to 1 h using eight data sets over different surface types. The mesoscale motions include internal gravity waves, microfront-like structures, horizontal modes, and a complex variety of other signatures, perhaps resulting from superposition of different modes. With weak large-scale flow, the mesoscale motions lead to meandering of the wind direction, as found in previous studies. However, the meandering often takes the form of sudden wind shifts rather than oscillation of wind direction. The relative strength and impact of such mesoscale motions are examined in terms of the constancy of the wind vector, the within-record standard deviation of the wind direction and the ratio of a meso-velocity scale to the speed of the large-scale flow. The strength of the mesoscale flow varies by an order of magnitude between nights at a given site and varies systematically between sites. The statistics of the vertical structure of such motions are examined for two of the data sets, both with sonic anemometers at seven levels.     

Effects of Earthworm Invasion on Plant Species Richness in Northern Hardwood Forests

Abstract:  The invasion of non-native earthworms ( Lumbricus spp.) into a small number of intensively studied stands of northern hardwood forest has been linked to declines in plant diversity and the local extirpation of one threatened species. It is unknown, however, whether these changes have occurred across larger regions of hardwood forests, which plant species are most vulnerable, or with which earthworm species such changes are associated most closely. To address these issues we conducted a regional survey in the Chippewa and Chequamegon national forests in Minnesota and Wisconsin (U.S.A.), respectively. We sampled earthworms, soils, and vegetation, examined deer browse in 20 mature, sugar-maple-dominated forest stands in each national forest, and analyzed the relationship between invasive earthworms and vascular plant species richness and composition. Invasion by Lumbricus was a strong indicator of reduced plant richness in both national forests. The mass of Lumbricus juveniles was significantly and negatively related to plant-species richness in both forests. In addition, Lumbricus was a significant factor affecting plant richness in a full model that included multiple variables. In the Chequamegon National Forest earthworm mass was associated with higher sedge cover and lower cover of sugar maple seedlings and several forb species. The trends were similar but not as pronounced in Chippewa, perhaps due to lower deer densities and different earthworm species composition. Our results provide regional evidence that invasion by Lumbricus species may be an important mechanism in reduced plant-species richness and changes in plant communities in mature forests dominated by sugar maples.     

高层建筑承受纵向地震波时的安全核算构想

高层建筑可预期的灾变非至一端，这里仅探讨高层建筑的抗震性能问题。地震过程中楼体受到的是地震波和自身固有频率的共同作用，此时楼体是一个多维动态系统，其应力状态比传统方法所描述的力学模型要复杂行多。本文应用ANSYS三维仿真有限元软件，采用单点响应谱的方法，对楼体在纵向地震波作用下的应力状态和变形情况进行了分析。对楼体构件单元型式的选择、网格密度的确定、有限元模型的建立等也提出了自己的见解。在后处理中，用列表和图形的方式显示了楼体的位移和应用状态。     

黄土表面酸碱性质的研究

在不同浓度支持电解质条件下，利用滴定方法研究黄土样品的表面酸碱属性，将酸量滴定上清液作为体系空白以补偿固体颗粒溶解和份间络合反应对定量估算子质子消耗的影响，两种简易的表面络合模式的拟合结果表明，恒定容量模型和扩散层模式分别适用于高离子强度（0.1mg/L）和低离子强度（0.01和0.005mol/L）条件下黄土表面的质子反应过程。     

不同挥发分煤尘层最低着火温度变化规律研究

针对煤化工等行业的沉积煤尘热自燃问题,运用煤尘层最低着火温度测试系统,研究了不同挥发分煤尘层的着火状态、不同挥发分及不同厚度煤尘层最低着火温度的变化规律。结果表明:煤尘层厚度为5 mm时,挥发分质量分数大于35%的煤尘在较低温度便出现着火现象,肉眼很容易观察到火星的出现,温度曲线波动剧烈,而对于挥发分质量分数小于15%的煤尘,通过煤尘层内部"温度达到450℃"来判断其着火;在灰分质量分数相当的情况下,煤尘层最低着火温度随挥发分增加呈严格递减的趋势变化;得到了煤尘层厚度和最低着火温度的函数关系式,通过试验得到了挥发分质量分数为37.45%煤尘的重要常数M和N。     

一次冷锋过程中我国区域空气污染边界层特征

利用常规地面气象和探空资料、ERA-interim再分析资料、以及全国PM_2.5浓度数据,针对2015年3月7~11日一次冷空气南下的锋面天气过程中,我国华北、华东地区出现的大范围空气污染,开展了高空各层天气形势分析,以及本次过程中污染区域由北至南6个城市（北京、章丘、郑州、南阳、武汉、长沙）边界层气象要素的垂直结构及其时空演变特征的研究.结果表明：在污染前期（3月7~8日）中高纬度500hPa平直的纬向环流和地面均压场,为污染天气的发生和维持以及空气污染物的集聚提供了有利的环流场.污染中期（3月8~10日）冷空气南下,地面冷高压向华东地区移动,重污染区域随冷高压前部的弱低压场或均压场由北向南移动.伴随着天气系统移动,六个地面观测站的边界层特征在时空上表现出相似性,由北向南各站在污染期间先后出现多层逆温,风速较小,逆温层下相对湿度较大.此次多层逆温的形成是由于夜间近地面辐射冷却、冷锋移动过程中产生的锋面逆温以及边界层以上的下沉运动造成的.本研究揭示了在天气系统移动中,位于天气系统相同部位站点的边界层结构具有共同的特征,及其与空气污染的关系.     

基于外检测的新投产管道合于使用评价实践

目的落实油气管道定期检验工作,确保管道安全平稳运行,方法通过对西南管道公司所辖某天然气管道进行外腐蚀直接检测,包括管线敷设环境调查、防腐层状况不开挖检测、管道阴极保护有效性评价检测以及开挖直接检验。根据检测结果进行合于使用评价,包括应力分析计算、剩余强度评估、管道剩余寿命预测等。结果管道允许使用,再评价间隔5年。结论直接检测方法采用多种检测手段对管道外腐蚀情况和防腐保护系统进行管道全面检验,并出具合于使用评价,是一种综合的完整性评价方法,符合法定检验的要求,其评价结果可作为管道完整性管理的可靠依据,可据此制定管道的维修方案和预防措施。     

京津冀区域典型重污染过程与反馈效应研究

以京津冀地区2014年10月5~12日一次重污染过程为例,采用飞机AMDAR数据和WRF-Chem模式,分析了大气边界层垂直结构与PM_2.5的时空演变规律,定量研究了气溶胶直接反馈效应对多种气象要素的影响.结果表明：此次重污染过程地域范围广、持续时间长、影响强度大,PM_2.5污染呈带状分布,主要受地面均压场和高空纬向环流形成稳定的大气环流背景场、垂直层风场及逆温共同影响.气溶胶直接反馈效应导致京津冀地区整个时段太阳辐射量降低39.80W/m²,气温下降0.34℃,边界层高度降低36.64m,相对湿度升高0.90%.反馈效应南部地区较北部更显著,污染日强于平均时段和清洁天,气溶胶的辐射反馈作用使得各气象要素均呈现不利于污染物扩散的趋势,造成气溶胶聚集区PM_2.5浓度进一步增加.     

上流双层填料单级自养脱氮反应器启动与运行

通过接种亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化污泥,以无机高氨氮（110~130mg/L）废水为对象,研究上流式双层填料反应器的启动与运行.反应器上层与下层分别以沸石和聚氨酯海绵作为填料,启动两种填料高度比分别为2：3和3：2的1号和2号反应器,历时139d成功建立自养脱氮系统.结果表明,1号反应器最高总氮去除率达84.4%,2号最高总氮去除率达81.8%,总氮去除负荷分别达0.15,0.14kgN/（m³·d）.进水未添加有机碳源时,2号△NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N一直稳定在特征值0.11附近,自养脱氮系统更为稳定.在添加有机碳源情况下,2个反应器总氮去除率都得到提升,△NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N也更为稳定.说明一定浓度的有机物能强化系统稳定运行,提高系统脱氮性能.反冲洗稳定后,1号反应器出水NO₃^--N由未反冲洗前的17.61mg/L降低到10mg/L以下,说明适当的反冲洗可以有效恢复反应器运行,反冲洗与NOB抑制手段相结合能更好地维持反应器的长期稳定运行.