大气边界层环境影响效应的仿真试验

研究利用动力模拟与气候统计相结合的方法建立典型大气边界层环境基本要素(风速、温度、气压和密度)场仿真模型,以低空飞行器为仿真算例,在实现大气边界层环境仿真模型与飞行动力学仿真模型耦合的基础上,开展大气边界层环境影响效应的仿真试验,分析大气边界层环境对低空飞行器飞行轨迹和姿态特性的影响.通过探索大气边界层环境模型建立的可行性及其对低空飞行器影响的基本规律,为进一步开展大气环境对武器系统影响评估研究提供思路.     

水力坡度对溪流钙华沉积的影响

在有钙华沉积的云南白水台景区引水渠道中,通过水准测量以及导线测量的方法,获得了引水渠道各研究点的相对高程和距离。利用流速仪测定了各研究点的水流流速,通过计算获得了各研究点的总水头和水力坡度。利用水化学记录仪,在短时间内测定了各研究点的电导率、水温与pH值,结合现场滴定以及室内水样分析的结果,计算出各点的方解石饱和指数和二氧化碳分压。发现在方解石饱和指数大于0.8的研究渠段,电导率、Ca2+和HCO3-浓度沿水流方向降低,经成因分析与数学推导,得出Ca2+浓度与总水头呈线性关系,水力坡度与渠段上的钙华沉积量也呈线性关系,这是岩溶作用动力学扩散边界层控制理论的具体体现,也即水力坡度越大,流速越快,扩散边界层越薄,碳酸钙沉积速率越大。     

Numerical study on the horizontal stretching effect of ground on high-pressure vapor jets of LNG tank leakage

The objective of this work is to investigate the horizontal stretching effect of ground on high-pressure vapor jet of LNG tank leakage near the ground. A numerical model for leakage jet was developed and several series of leakage scenarios were theoretically analyzed for different heights of the tank orifice, inner pressures and outer temperatures. The results show that the near ground plays an important role in the horizontal transportation of LNG leakage vapor. The corresponding danger distance is surprisingly lengthened because of the horizontal stretching of leakage vapor cloud by the ground nearby, especially for those cases with a lower orifice on tank. It is illustrated that there is an obvious change for the central axis track, gas concentration and velocity of the jet in the far-field during the jet is touching the ground. In addition, the dimensionless analyses on the dependence of gas concentration, velocity and gas concentration on the transportation distance indicated that there were two stages of deflection behaviors of the jet. Finally, the enlarged danger distance by the horizontal stretching for the LNG tank leakage with a low orifice indicated the more dangerous scene of those leakage close on ground. The data and revelation here about the danger area prediction can be an important guide for the emergency management during the LNG tank leakage accidents.     

Numerical investigation on performance of protective layer around large-scale chemical storage tank against impact by projectile

The protective layer of chemical storage tank has a significant effect in risk mitigation of projectile-related accidents but the research is still in infancy. In order to investigate the performance of protective layer against projectile, dynamic response process of the large-scale vertical storage tank impacted by the end-cap fragment is simulated based on the LS-DYNA. In this paper, some key factors (thickness, layering order and number of layers) affecting its performance are discussed, which can be characterized by the deformation degrees of the target tank. It is found that the anti-penetration performance is improved rapidly with the increase of thickness, and aluminum (Al) protective layer shows a higher sensitivity to thickness change compared to Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) protective layer. Three double-layered protective layers for different sequences are investigated and the Al-UHMWPE protective layer shows best performance. For the Al protective layers arranged in various combinations of equivalent total thickness, better performance is provided by monolithic structures than layered one. This study demonstrated the rational design of the protective layer around chemical storage tanks in material selection and structure configuration.     

近距离薄煤层群上保护层开采邻近层卸压瓦斯抽采模式探究*

为研究近距离薄煤层群上保护层开采期间邻近层卸压瓦斯对回采工作面瓦斯涌出的影响,进而有效杜绝保护层开采过程中工作面瓦斯积聚或超限等事故,结合煤岩体破碎前“应力-裂隙-渗透率”间关系,建立卸压瓦斯三维渗流模型。采用Flac3D软件,以新维煤矿煤层条件为工程背景,研究保护层开采过程采场渗透率沿纵向分布规律,确立下保护层C3煤层处于三维增渗区、C7与C8号煤层处于水平增渗区。基于此,提出“近场定向钻孔全覆盖抽采与远场穿层钻孔层间卸压抽采结合”的瓦斯治理技术模式,并开展现场试验,结果表明:试验工作面回风瓦斯浓度降低44.4%,绝对瓦斯涌出量降低52.3%,该模式可显著提高卸压瓦斯的治理效果,为类似工况下的保护层开采提出1种新的瓦斯抽采模式,具有一定的指导及借鉴意义。     

北京地区边界层大气臭氧浓度变化特征分析

利用2001-03～2006-10的大气臭氧探空资料,分析了近6 a北京边界层（2 km以下）大气臭氧浓度的平均月变化和季节变化规律.结果表明,边界层大气臭氧浓度的月变化很明显,1月臭氧浓度最小,地面臭氧浓度不到10×10^-9(体积分数,下同),上层（即2 km）臭氧浓度也不到50×10^-9.而6月臭氧浓度最大,地面达到85×10^-9,上层大于90×10^-9.臭氧浓度具有明显的季节特征,从臭氧浓度值来看,冬季最小,夏季最大.从地面到上层的臭氧浓度的变化幅度来看,冬季变化最大,夏季变化最小.根据廓线变化方式,臭氧浓度廓线可分为3种类型,冬季型、夏季型、春秋季型.不同高度臭氧月平均浓度也明显不同.分析地面及上层臭氧浓度与气象因子如温度和湿度的相关关系,发现地面臭氧浓度与温度具有较好的线性关系,相关系数在0 .85以上.     

Patterns of plant trait-environment relationships along a forest succession chronosequence

Land-use change due to socioeconomic factors leads to the abandonment of traditional intensive coppice management in large areas of the mountainous landscapes of the Apennines (Italy). In this study we explored the multivariate relationship between plant species traits, stage of forest succession and environmental gradients. We focused on community-level patterns in plant traits of the vegetation of beech forest understory along the regeneration chronosequence initiated after cessation of coppicing. We hypothesized that the correlations between the traits and environmental factors should increase with succession age due to the decreasing role of chance.Landscape-level heterogeneity, i.e. changing elevation, slope, exposition, bedrock and forest stand age was assessed using a stratified random sampling design. Sixty sites were sampled for stand structure and species composition. We focused on 14 plant traits related to persistence, growth and dispersal. The recently developed data-analytical method, Model-Based Recursive Partitioning, was used to disentangle the relationships between patterns of plant traits and environmental gradients.About half (seven) of the studied plant traits showed significant correlations with succession stand age, elevation, inclination, heat index and bedrock. Contrary to the low number of trait-environment correlations in early succession, eight traits showed significant relationships with one or more abiotic factors in older stages of the post-coppice development. Stand age had the highest independent explanatory power, explaining 40% of variance of SLA, more than 17% of variance of short-distance seed dispersal and more than 15% of variance of both long-term connection and extensive perennial root. Among the other abiotic factors, elevation explained 27% of variance of SLA, inclination explained 6-8% of variance of long-term connection, extensive perennial root, thickening and large bud bank.The observed trait-environmental relationship is assumed to be driven by various environmental factors operating at various levels of complexity. While forest succession in relatively homogeneous landscapes might be driven mainly by environmental factors related to forest succession itself and associated abiotic changes (such as changes in light and soil moisture patterns), in heterogeneous landscapes the succession pathways may be structured by landscape-level environmental factors such as inclination. However, in the present study, forest stand age had the highest explanatory power for most of the investigated traits, supporting the assumption of the overall strong impact of succession-driven environmental factors in trait-environment relationships.     

东莞市夏季大气边界层风、温场结构与特征研究

利用2008年5月4-20日东莞市探空观测资料,分析该地区夏季大气边界层内的风场、温度场特征进行研究,结果表明:1)各规定层高度主导风向为WNW,其风向频率值大于15%;2)风速随高度的增加而增大;3)接地逆温大约在20:00左右生成,02:00以后逐渐消失,从06:00到17:00没有观测到接地逆温,一天中接地逆温大约维持12 h左右;4)混合层高度在清晨厚度较薄,午后混合层厚度较厚,有利于污染物的扩散。     

Atmospheric mercury over the marine boundary layer observed during the third China Arctic Research Expedition

TGM measurements on board ships have proved to provide valuable complementary information to measurements by a ground based monitoring network. During the third China Arctic Research Expedition (from July 11 to September 24, 2008), TGM concentrations over the marine boundary layer along the cruise path were in-situ measured using an automatic mercury vapor analyzer. Here we firstly reported the results in Japan Sea, North Western Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, where there are rare reports. The value ranged between 0.30 and 6.02 ng/m³ with an average of (1.52 ± 0.68) ng/m³, being slightly lower than the background value of Northern Hemisphere (1.7 ng/m³). Notably TGM showed considerably spatial and temporal variation. Geographically, the average value of TGM in Bering Sea was higher than those observed in Japan Sea and North Western Pacific Ocean. In the north of Japan Sea TGM levels were found to be lower than 0.5 ng/m³ during forward cruise and displayed obviously diurnal cycle, indicating potential oxidation of gaseous mercury in the atmosphere. The pronounced episode was recorded as well. Enhanced levels of TGM were observed in the coastal regions of southern Japan Sea during backward cruise due primarily to air masses transported from the adjacent mainland reflecting the contribution from anthropogenic sources. When ship returned back and passed through Kamchatka Peninsula TGM increased by the potential contamination from volcano emissions.     

某型飞机进气道在噪声环境中的振动疲劳分析

某型飞机进气道常出现蒙皮裂纹、铆钉松动及掉铆钉头等故障,给飞行安全带来隐患.研究发现,此类故障是进气道在强噪声环境下,噪声脉动压力引起的结构振动疲劳损伤.应用阻尼层可降低强噪声对进气道蒙皮和铆钉的破坏.发动机地面试验结果表明,进气道阻尼层的应用显著降低了蒙皮壁板的振动量级.