Experimental investigation of fast flame propagation in stratified hydrogen–air mixtures in semi-confined flat layers

This paper presents results of an experimental investigation on fast flame propagation and the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) and following detonation propagation in a semi-confined flat layer filled with stratified hydrogen–air mixtures. The experiments were performed in a transparent, rectangular channel open from below. The combustion channel has a width of 0.3 m and a length of 2.5 m. The effective layer thickness in the channel was varied by using different linear hydrogen concentration gradients. The method to create quasi-linear hydrogen concentration gradients that differ in the range and slope is also presented. The ignited mixtures were accelerated quickly to sonic flame speed in the first obstructed part of the channel. The interaction of the fast flame propagation with different obstacle set-ups was studied in the second part of the channel. The experimental results show an initiation of DDT by one additional metal grid in the obstructed semi-confined flat layer. Detonation propagation and failed detonation propagation were observed in obstructed and unobstructed parts of the channel.     

The effect of admixed material on the flaming and smouldering combustion of dust layers

The rate of propagation of flame and the rate of propagation of smouldering in still air, have been investigated for several particle sizes, mixtures of coarse and fine dusts of the same material, and mixtures containing partially coarse dusts of limestone. Wood sawdust and grass dust were used as the industrial materials. Measurements were made by using a mold of acceptable dimensions. The results obtained indicated that the flaming and smouldering rates are dependent on the particle size and the depth of the layer and the values of the smouldering rates were found to be about 20% of the values obtained with flaming. Also, an admixture of fine dust of 50% of the same material to coarse dust for a 0.5 cm layer of both materials is sufficient to increase the values of the flaming rate by 61% for wood sawdust and the smouldering rate by 88% and 52% for wood sawdust and grass dust, respectively. The admixture of limestone as low as 10% was sufficient to produce zero propagation for both types of burning.     

Influence of Inversion Layers on the Distribution of Air Pollutants in Urban Areas

The air quality in urban areas is on the one hand determined by the intensity of emissions. On the other hand atmospheric dispersion and chemical transformation conditions as well as topographic location have great influence on the ambient air concentrations. Within, this study the correlation between pollutant concentrations and the dynamics of atmospheric barrier and mixing layers has been experimentally investigated by tethered balloon soundings.The most important barrier layer is the surface inversion. During clear sky it develops in the late afternoon and is dissolved by warm air from the heated ground in the morning. Emitted pollutants are kept beneath this inversion. But, at the same time, the component ozone is depleted below and stored above the layer within the so called `ozone reservoir layer'. During night elevated mountain sites are decoupled from the ground conditions and stay within this reservoir without a remarkable nocturnal decrease of ozone concentration. The regularly observed ground level ozone increase in the morning hours is firstly caused by down mixing from the reservoir. The conditions and dynamics are illustratively depicted by vertical profiles of the different components and diagrams of temperature and concentration isopleths over the height and the experiment time lasting over five days.     

遗传神经网络在煤层自燃预测中的应用

煤层开采自燃危险性程度与许多影响因素之间存在着复杂的非线性关系，利用人工神经网络技术和人工生命学中的遗传算法，建立了预测模型，不但很好地解决了该问题，同时也大大提高了运算速度。     

土层分层厚度对场地地表地震动参数的影响

以江淮地区典型场地资料为原型,选取不同的土层分层厚度,构造多种场地土层计算模型,选择Taft、Kobe和El Centro三条强震记录作为地震输入,采用一维频域等效线性化波动方法分析了分层厚度对场地地表地震动参数的影响。研究表明:土层分层厚度对场地地震动参数存在影响,主要表现为采用较大分层厚度计算得到的地表峰值加速度A_(max)和反应谱特征周期T_g相对偏低,应采用尽可能小的土层分层厚度;分别采用1.0m和2.0m分层厚度计算得到的地表加速度反应谱形状基本重合,A_(max)和T_g也基本一致,最小选取2.0m土层分层厚度可以满足工程精度的要求。     

电网企业本质安全管理体系构建研究

为了深化电网企业本质安全管理,采用文献检索、理论分析、对比研究等方法,提出本质安全型电网企业和电网企业本质安全管理体系的概念,并分析其内涵特点;根据电网企业管理实际,借鉴优秀企业实践,研究提出构建本质安全管理体系的“圈层”模型;设计构建涵盖4大方面33项要素的国网江苏省电力有限公司本质安全管理体系框架;按照各层级、各直属单位的实际管控要求,策划提出构建1个“圈层”模型、1个建设规范、1套手册（省、市、县分层级）、1系列制度标准的本质安全管理体系落地路径;最后,以国网江苏省电力有限公司为例,提出关键要素的完善建议,对指引其持续提升本质安全水平具有一定指导作用。     

跃移层风沙输运数值模拟

利用fluent软件,选用欧拉-欧拉法对跃移层风沙输运进行模拟,分析了粒径、风速对沙粒体积浓度的影响。结果表明:风沙流发育分为增长、回落和稳定3个阶段;风沙流稳定后沙粒体积浓度沿高度按层分布;输运层主要集中于地表30 cm以下;同一粒径沙粒,随着风速的增大,沙粒体积浓度最大值与最大值出现的高度增大;同一种风速下,粒径增大,体积浓度最大值减小,最大值出现的高度则增高。     

Friction spark generation and incendivity of several metal alloys

When metal alloys are used as mechanical equipment or tools in explosive atmospheres, the occurrence and incendivity of mechanically generated sparks as ignition sources should be taken into consideration. The formation of mechanically generated sparks was investigated for seven metals, including Q235 steel, 304 stainless steel, TC4 titanium alloy, 6061 aluminum alloy, H62 bronze alloy, AMAK3 zinc alloy, and AZ31B magnesium alloy. The relationship between the physical-chemical properties and generation and incendivity of friction sparks was evaluated. For 6061 aluminum alloy, H62 bronze alloy, AMAK3 zinc alloy, and AZ31B magnesium alloy, no bright friction sparks were observed in the maximum friction velocity of 12 m/s and maximum surface pressure of 3.75 N/mm², because of low hardness, high thermal conductivity, low melting point, and the absence of carbon content. Ignition testing indicated that nano titanium dust layers with MIEL (minimum ignition energy of dust layer) of 1 mJ were not ignited by friction particles from the four metal alloys. However, bright particles were clearly observed for 304 stainless steel, Q235 steel, and TC4 titanium alloy. Friction sparks at the maximum power densities showed incendivity with micro titanium layers having an MIEL of 17.5–25 mJ but not with PMMA, corn starch, and wood dust having MIELs greater than 1 J. Two different particle burning behaviors with different fragmentation mechanisms during the friction process were determined, namely the micro explosion phenomenon for TC4 titanium alloy and particle burst for Q235 steel. Results indicate that the physical-chemical properties of friction metal rods are useful for preliminary evaluation of spark generation. Powder layers with known MIEL can be considered as indicator testing materials to evaluate spark incendivity.     

Review of advances in the thin layer chromatography of pesticides: 2010–2012

Techniques and applications of thin layer chromatography (planar chromatography) for the separation, detection, qualitative and quantitative determination, and preparative isolation of pesticides and their metabolites and some related pollutants are reviewed for the period from November 1, 2010 to November 1, 2012. Analyses are described for a variety of samples types and pesticide classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide structure – retention relationships, identification and characterization of natural and synthesized pesticides, metabolism, degradation, mobility, lipophilicity, and mechanism of action are covered.     

The bioeffects of extremely weak power-frequency alternating magnetic fields

We report the results of a study of the influence of extremely-weak alternating magnetic fields (EW AMF) directed co-linearly to the static Earth’s magnetic field on the rate of regeneration in planarians and also on the rate of gravitropic response in the stem segments of flax. In particular we obtained the data on the dependence of the value of bioeffects on the amplitude (at fixed 60 Hz—frequency) and on the frequency (at fixed 1.6 μT—amplitude) of the alternating component. Our data show unambiguously that EW AMF substantially affect the properties of the biosystems. The experimental data may be approximated by the theoretical expression following directly from a general formula, derived in the theory of magnetic parametric resonance. Our data indicate that the nuclear spins of hydrogen atoms serve as the primary targets for the action of the EW AMF on the biosystems. The values of bioeffects of combined magnetic fields with extremely weak alternating component are completely determined by the parameter , where γ = 42.578 Hz/μT—gyromagnetic ratio of the nuclear spins of hydrogen atoms, and and f correspond to magnetic induction and frequency of the alternating magnetic component. The dependence of bioeffect’s value on —parameter is polyextremal: well expressed maxima are observed at and minor maxima at . The bioeffects are absent at , 3.8, 5.3, 6.7. At the values of the bioeffect changes its sign—activation of planarian’s regeneration starts to be replaced by its inhibition. The inhibition takes place for the range of the amplitudes from 10 to 140 μT. The observed change in the sign of the effect may result to the prevalence of the effects caused by the induction of the alternating currents in the test-system at relatively high —amplitudes. These results provide the basis for planning of the epidemiological studies and interpretation of the corresponding results.