受压浮煤自燃过程试验研究

矿井采空区遗煤自燃大部分为处于受压状态下的自燃。为观察压力对浮煤自燃过程的影响,采用自制的浮煤加载自燃试验装置对受压浮煤层与自然堆积状态下的自燃过程进行试验研究。结果表明:加载对浮煤的自燃过程确实存在一定影响。加载会加快浮煤层的升温速度,缩短自然发火期,降低最小浮煤层厚度,改变采空区"三带"的划分;加载对厚度介于0.8～1.2 m之间浮煤自燃过程影响最大;随着压力的增加,压力对浮煤自燃过程的影响逐渐减弱,当压力小于1 600 N时,压力的增加对浮煤自燃过程的影响较明显,当压力大于1 600 N时,压力的增加对浮煤自燃过程的影响变小,当压力大于2 600 N时,压力的增加对浮煤自燃过程几乎无影响。     

Combined reticular blind drainage and vertical hierarchical drainage system for landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level

A novel water control technology that combines the features of a reticular blind drainage system and a vertical hierarchical drainage system is developed and applied in the Yanziyan Sanitary Landfill, which is located at an area (Loudi City, Hunan Province, China) with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The reticular blind drain system, which was installed on the bottom and side walls of the landfill site, can conveniently guide the flow of groundwater out of the site while preventing a disorganized flow of groundwater. The vertical hierarchical drainage system was installed to separate rainfall water and leachate in the landfill site, thus efficiently reducing the pressure of leachate treatment. The whole drainage system plays a key role in foundation stabilization by seepage control and separation and in the instant drainage of rainfall water. The leachate reduction efficiency of the drainage technology was calculated in terms of leachate production before (336519 m³) and after (29664 m³) technology application. Over 90% of leachate derived from rainfall water and groundwater inflow was avoided upon installation of the vertical hierarchical drainage and reticular blind drainage systems. The technology can thus be popularized and applied for water control in landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The proposed technology can be used to alleviate the pressure of leachate treatment and to reduce the risk of instability.     

离子交换树脂处理钢铁钝化含铬废水的研究

针对钢铁钝化含铬废水污染,采用弱碱阴离子交换树脂进行了系统的研究,通过静态试验考查了pH值、振荡时间和离子交换树脂用量的影响,使用反应柱动态试验法研究了树脂的再生,得到了令人满意的结果。     

ETU mineralization in soil under influence of organic carbon content,temperature, concentration,and depth

The mineralization of ¹⁴C‐ETU was measured by the evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ and described with a mathematical model consisting of two terms — one term describing the immediate mineralization of ¹⁴C‐ETU and another term describing the first order degradation of humus and/or biomass, where ¹⁴C had been built in. The influence of pesticide concentration, depth of soil, and incubation temperature showed combined interaction effects on the amount of ¹⁴CO₂ formed during the process and on the degradation rate of the pesticide. With the addition of soil extract, a combined effect between concentration and addition of organic extract was seen for the degradation rate, while a three‐way interaction between depth, concentration and organic extract was seen for the formation of ¹⁴CO₂. Degradation of ¹⁴C‐ETU can thus not be described only through investigations of one single of the mentioned parameters.     

探讨富集因子背景值的选择

为探讨富集因子(EF)背景值的选择,利用黑龙江省甘南县大气降尘重金属元素数据,分别选用黑龙江省A层土壤环境、平均大陆地壳、大陆上地壳为背景,计算Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb、As、Cu、Zn的EF值.研究表明,采用平均大陆地壳和大陆上地壳元素丰度作为背景值时,Pb、Zn、As等元素的EF均值大于2,元素富集一定程度上与人为输入作用有关;采用黑龙江省A层土壤作为背景,As元素EF均值小于2,元素在大气中的富集主要为自然输入;通过相关性分析,As与Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu同为自然源,结果与选用黑龙江省A层土壤为背景时判别结果较一致.本文认为,导致不同背景值取得的EF值差异较大的原因为自然条件下元素的富集和亏损,采用区域土壤元素背景值能够较为准确地判断大气降尘中元素的主要来源.     

Impact of consistent boundary layer mixing approaches between NAM and CMAQ

Discrepancies in grid structure, dynamics and physics packages in the offline coupled NWS/NCEP NAM meteorological model with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model can give rise to inconsistencies. This study investigates the use of three vertical mixing schemes to drive chemistry tracers in the National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC). The three schemes evaluated in this study represent various degrees of coupling to improve the commonality in turbulence parameterization between the meteorological and chemistry models. The methods tested include: (1) using NAM predicted TKE-based planetary boundary height, h, as the prime parameter to derive CMAQ vertical diffusivity; (2) using the NAM mixed layer depth to determine h and then proceeding as in (1); and (3) using NAM predicted vertical diffusivity directly to parameterize turbulence mixing within CMAQ. A two week period with elevated surface O₃ concentrations during the summer 2006 has been selected to test these schemes in a sensitivity study. The study results are verified and evaluated using the EPA AIRNow monitoring network and other ozonesonde data. The third method is preferred a priori as it represents the tightest coupling option studied in this work for turbulent mixing processes between the meteorological and air quality models. It was found to accurately reproduce the upper bounds of turbulent mixing and provide the best agreement between predicted h and ozonesonde observed relative humidity profile inferred h for sites investigated in this study. However, this did not translate into the best agreement in surface O₃ concentrations. Overall verification results during the test period of two weeks in August 2006, did not show superiority of this method over the other 2 methods in all regions of the continental U.S. Further efforts in model improvement for the parameterizations of turbulent mixing and other surface O₃ forecast related processes are warranted.     

Sensitivity of air quality model prediction to parameterization of vertical eddy diffusivity

This paper investigates the effects of vertical eddy diffusivities derived from the 3 different planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes on predictions of chemical components in the troposphere of East Asia. Three PBL schemes were incorporated into a regional air quality model (RAQM) to represent vertical mixing process and sensitivity simulations were conducted with the three schemes while other options are identical. At altitudes <2km, all schemes exhibit similar skill for predicting SO₂ and O₃, but more difference in the predicted NO_x concentration. The Gayno–Seaman scheme produces the smallest vertical eddy diffusivity (Kz) among all schemes, leading to higher SO₂ and NO_x concentrations near the surface than that from the other 2 schemes. However, the effect of vertical mixing on O₃ concentration is complex and varies spatially due to chemistry. The Gayno–Seaman scheme predicts lower O₃ concentrations than the other two schemes in the parts of northern China (generally VOC-limited) and higher ones in most parts of southern China (NO_x-limited). The Byun and Dennis scheme produces the largest mixing depth in the daytime, which bring more NO_x into upper levels, and the mixing depth predicted by the Gayno–Seaman scheme is the smallest, leading to higher NO_x and lower O₃ concentrations near the surface over intensive emission regions.     

现代垃圾填埋技术设计理念及其工程应用

对现代垃圾填埋技术的设计要点进行归纳,并结合上海市老港填埋场四期工程介绍其在工程设计中的具体应用。     

北京秋冬季近地层PM2.5质量浓度垂直分布特征

选取秋冬两季各14 d对北京地区近地层ρ(PM_2.5)垂直分布进行监测,获得ρ(PM_2.5)垂直廓线;结合同步测得的气象数据,就气象因素对垂直分布的影响进行了分析;最终拟合了ρ(PM_2.5)垂直廓线方程.研究表明:秋冬两季ρ(PM_2.5)的垂直分布随高度增加而呈对数递减的规律;风速随高度的变化遵循对数规律;发生逆温时,大气层结稳定,垂直方向上的湍流受到抑制,风速与PM_2.5逐时质量浓度在垂直方向的分布呈较好的线性关系,ρ(PM_2.5)随高度改变呈显著的对数相关关系;而在非逆温的情况下,PM_2.5逐时质量浓度垂直分布与风速线性相关的概率较小,质量浓度的垂直分布与高度的对数关系不显著.      

即时合成层状双氢氧化物法去除阴离子染料刚果红

利用层状双氢氧化物(LDH)合成原理,提出了即时合成LDH处理染料废水的方法,并对其可行性进行了实验研究.该方法的基本原理是由于Mg2+,Al3+水解共沉淀形成LDH,阴离子染料优先进入LDH结构层间平衡结构电荷,从而使阴离子染料以LDH沉淀的形式被去除.探讨了反应时间,pH,n(Mg2+):n(Al3+)及温度对染料去除率的影响.结果表明,在常温下,最佳pH为9.0,反应时间为2 h,n(Mg2+):n(Al3+)为2:1,对刚果红染料的去除率可达100%,效果十分显著.