煤矿安全从业人员工作满意感与应激水平、自我效能感的关系

运用问卷法,以43名国有煤矿安全从业人员为研究对象,探讨了在煤矿这一特定环境下的工作人员其工作满意感、应激水平和自我效能感的关系。结果发现应激水平能负向预测工作满意感,自我效能感不仅能正向预测工作满意感,还能调节应激水平对工作满意感的影响,较高的自我效能感能使应激水平对工作满意感的负效应转为正效应。根据笔者研究结果,提出了减少工作应激刺激、提供培训提高员工自我效能感、制定合理的人员安置和促进员工发展的人事制度,以增强员工的工作满意感的建议。     

THE EFFECTS OF VEGETATION AND SOIL TYPE ON STREAMBANK EROSION,SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA,USA1

The goal of this research was to evaluate the relative effects of root density, freeze/thaw cycling, and soil properties on the erodibility and critical shear stress of streambanks. The erodibility and critical shear stress of rooted bank soils were measured in situ at 25 field sites using a submerged jet test device; several soil, vegetation, and stream chemistry characteristics shown to influence soil erosion were also assessed. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine those factors that most influenced streambank erodibility and the relative impact of riparian vegetation. Study results indicated that soil erosion is a complex phenomenon that depends primarily on soil bulk density. Freeze/thaw cycling, soil antecedent moisture content, the density of roots with diameters of 2 to 20 mm, soil texture, and the interaction of soil pore water and stream water had a significant impact on soil erodibility and critical shear stress, depending on soil type. Riparian vegetation had multiple significant effects on soil erodibility. In addition to reducing soil erodibility through root reinforcement, the streamside vegetation affected soil moisture and altered the local microclimate, which in turn affected freeze/thaw cycling (FTC). This study represents the first in situ testing of the erodibility of vegetated streambanks and provides a quantitative analysis on the effects of vegetation on streambank erosion, relative to other soil physical and chemical parameters.     

液化气球罐应力腐蚀开裂试验研究

由于炼制进口高硫原油,在炼油球罐检验中发现越来越多的内表面应力腐蚀裂纹。对球罐应力腐蚀开裂的原因和主要影响因素进行分析。从液化石油气球罐的安全性出发,采用线弹性断裂力学方法,针对16MnR和SPV50Q球罐所用钢材,在分析湿硫化氢环境下应力腐蚀开裂形式的基础上,通过改进的WOL预裂纹试样的应力腐蚀开裂试验,对不同球罐所用钢材、不同硫化氢浓度、不同焊接状态条件下的应力腐蚀开裂进行研究,并对设备所采用的材料、所处的介质浓度、材料的热处理状况等进行分析,并提出了防止对策。该方法也适用于液化石油气球罐应力腐蚀开裂,以预测事故的发生。     

Responses of two cultivars of Trifolium repens L. to ethylene diurea in relation to ambient ozone

Three ethylene diurea(EDU) concentrations(0,150 and 300 mg/L) were used to evaluate the negative impact of ozone(O3) on two cultivars of Trifolium repens L.cv.Vardan and Bundel grown under natural field conditions in a suburban area of Varanasi,India.Mean O3 concentrations varied from 30.3 to 46.6 μg/L during the experimental period.Higher photosynthetic pigments and ascorbic acid concentrations were noticed in both EDU-treated cultivars over non-EDU-treated ones,but a reverse trend was found for lipid peroxidation.Growth parameters and biomass also showed increments under EDU treatment of both cultivars.The ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence increased significantly in Vardan but not in Bundel upon EDU treatment.Results revealed that EDU concentration of 300 mg/L was more effective to combat the oxidative stress as well as protecting plants from O3 injury symptoms.The test cultivar Vardan is relatively sensitive to O3,thereby can be used as a bioindicator of O3 pollution in areas having higher O3 concentrations.Results also indicated that Bundel has more efficient antioxidant defense system than Vardan and hence was more tolerant to O3 stress.     

Enantioselective induction of oxidative stress by acetofenate in rat PC12 cells

In a non-chiral environment,the enantiomers of a racemate possessed the identical physico-chemical properties,but in the biological systems they possessed different activities.Considering that the involvement of oxidative damage has been implicated in the toxicities of various pesticides,this study investigated the possibility of enantioselective oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induction by acetofenate (AF) which contains an asymmetrical center on PC12 cells.The results of the cytotoxicity assay indicated that S-(+)-AF presented more toxic effects than R-(-)-AF and (±)-AF.It also demonstrated that S-(+)-AF possessed the strongest effects in induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production,decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities,and increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level.These results suggested that AF and its enantiomers could induce enantioselective cytotoxicity in PC12 cells mediated by oxidative stress.Therefore,the assessment in environmental safety and new chiral pesticide development should consider enantioselectivity.     

某工程机械厂电焊工作场所职业卫生学调查

为了解工程机械电焊工作场所存在的职业病危害因素及危害程度,采用定点及个体采样方法对某大型工种机械厂电焊车间进行采样分析,结果显示,该工作场所锰及其化合物、电焊烟尘时间加权平均浓度超出了国家职业接触限值,危害了工人身体健康,局部通风措施对控制电焊烟尘尤为重要。     

电液舵机系统的可靠性强化试验方案设计

以电液舵机为研究对象,根据其自身特点建立故障树,以得到系统的薄弱环节及主要故障模式。通过分析得到电液舵机系统的敏感应力,对可靠性强化试验应用于此类机电液一体化的产品进行了可行性分析,并设计了适用于电液舵机系统的可靠性强化试验方案。     

发动机叶片残余应力测试与分析

用X射线衍射分析法,对某型发动机压气机第1,2级转子叶片（马氏体不锈钢）的新叶片、不同寿命工作叶片以及有裂纹故障叶片分别进行了对比性试验,研究了发动机叶片残余应力变化与工作状况的关系。试验结果表明：随着叶片工作时间的增加,残余压应力逐渐减小,断裂危险区域残余压应力明显松弛,残余应力衰减为原应力的1/3。通过对叶片残余应力的跟踪测试,可以监控叶片的工作状况,评定其疲劳损伤程度和安全工作质量。     

表面活性剂对茭白生长影响及土壤残留分析

采用土培的试验方法,研究了在不同浓度阴离子表面活性剂——直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)处理后,单季茭"美人茭"的生长、茭白叶片中叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统活性的变化情况,以及LAS在茭白叶片和土壤中的相对残留量.结果表明,10 mg.L-1、100 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度对茭白的生长状态没有显著影响;1000 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度下美人茭株高和最大叶宽均分别低于对照25.5%(p0.05)和27.0%(p0.05),处理过程中叶绿素总含量大幅下降.10 mg.L-1、100 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度下美人茭的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著提高,1000 mg.L-1LAS处理浓度下美人茭的过氧化物酶(POD)活性受到严重的抑制.丙二醛(MDA)含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,并随着LAS处理浓度的升高而升高.茭白叶片中LAS残留量先下降后上升,10 mg.L-1处理浓度下美人茭叶片中LAS含量低;10和100mg.L-1处理浓度下土壤中LAS含量基本在0.1～0.5 mg.L-1之间,1000 mg.L-1处理浓度下土壤中LAS含量持续上升,达到2.0～3.0mg.L-1,且LAS含量在第28d比第7d时高54.0%(p0.05).与单纯的土壤环境相比,茭白-土壤系统能够更有效地降低土壤中LAS含量.     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp （Cyprinus carpio）

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO₂-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO₂-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO₂-NPs suffered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO₂-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO₂-NPs released into the aqueous environment.