某天然气井成功处理油管内井喷失控的实例分析

在天然气井钻井和井下作业施工中,由于井下或操作人员原因,稍有不慎就会形成井喷失控事故,带来经济损失和不良社会影响。介绍了一口天然气井由于管柱内失控形成井喷事故而处理成功的实例,以期对井控实际工作有所帮助。     

Educational,psychosocial, and protection outcomes of child‐ and youth‐focused programming with Somali refugees in Dollo Ado,Ethiopia

Child‐ and youth‐friendly spaces have become a common feature of emergency humanitarian provision. This study reports on the outcomes of child and youth learning centres (CYLCs) in Ethiopia's Buramino Camp established for those fleeing conflict in Somalia. Eighty‐five youths completed baseline assessments shortly after arrival and follow‐up assessments three to six months later. Caregivers of 106 younger children completed similar appraisals. 693 children attending the CYLCs completed pre‐ and post‐educational assessments, which indicated major gains—significant at p<0.0001—in both literacy (younger children, t=9.06; youth, t=13.87) and numeracy (younger children, t=13.94; youths, t=17.10). Children's CYLC attendance increased reports of met needs among caregivers (t=2.53, p<0.05) and youths (t=2.57, p<0.05), and, among caregivers but not youths, significantly moderated protection concerns (t=2.39, p<0.05, and t=?1.90, p=0.06, respectively). There was general improvement in psychosocial well‐being over time for all children; CYLC attendance predicted greater reductions in reported difficulties only among younger children (t=2.51, p<0.05).     

Gauging the societal impacts of natural disasters using a capability approach

There is a widely acknowledged need for a single composite index that provides a comprehensive picture of the societal impact of disasters. A composite index combines and logically organizes important information policy‐makers need to allocate resources for the recovery from natural disasters; it can also inform hazard mitigation strategies. This paper develops a Disaster Impact Index (DII) to gauge the societal impact of disasters on the basis of the changes in individuals’ capabilities. The DII can be interpreted as the disaster impact per capita. Capabilities are dimensions of individual well‐being and refer to the genuine opportunities individuals have to achieve valuable states and activities (such as being adequately nourished or being mobile). After discussing the steps required to construct the DII, this article computes and compares the DIIs for two earthquakes of similar magnitude in two societies at different levels of development and of two disasters (earthquake and wind storm) in the same society.     

RECIRCULATING WELLS: GROUND WATER REMEDIATION AND PROTECTION OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: Several chlorinated solvent plumes threaten the sole‐source aquifer underlying the Massachusetts Military Reservation at the western end of Cape Cod. Sensitive surface water features including ponds, cranberry bogs, and coastal wetlands are hydraulically connected to the aquifer. For one of the plumes (CS‐10 the original remedy of 120 extraction and reinjection wells has the potential for significant disruption of surface water hydrology, through the localized drawdown and mounding of the water table. Recirculating wells with in‐well air stripping offer a cost‐effective alternative to conventional pump‐and‐treat technology that does not adversely affect the configuration of the water table. Pilot testing of a two well system, pumping 300 gpm, showed a capture radius of > 200 feet per well, in‐well trichloroethylene (TCE) removal efficiencies of 92 to 98 percent per recirculation cycle, an average of three recirculation cycles within the capture zone, and no measurable effect on water table elevations at any point within the recirculation/treatment zone. During 120 days of operation, the mean concentration of TCE in the treatment zone was reduced by 83 percent, from 1,111 μg/l to 184 μg/l. Full‐scale design projections indicate that 60 wells at an average spacing of 160 feet, having an aggregate recirculation 11 MGD, can contain the CS‐b plume without ground water extraction or adverse hydraulic effects on surface water resources. The estimated capital costs for such a system are about $7 million, and annual operations‐and‐maintenance costs should be about $1.4 million, 40 percent of those associated with a pump and treat system over a 20‐year period.     

海上气井环空带压油套管柱动态安全评价技术

为了有效预测海上气井环空带压油套管柱潜在失效风险及安全管理环空压力,提出1种基于井口压力、温度和液位多参数监测的海上气井环空带压油套管柱动态安全评价技术。首先,结合气井生产状态参数和完井信息,建立气井井筒压力分布计算方法;然后,根据力学知识分析气井环空带压油套管柱应力场特点,进而提出利用环空带压井油套管柱安全系数作为油套管柱失效评价依据;最终,开发海上气井环空带压安全监测系统并开展现场案例井分析。研究结果表明:监测系统能够准确获取环空带压状态参数,通过环空压力状态变化分析阐述“A”环空带压机理为泄漏点处油套管之间压力平衡的保持;结合实际井口环空压力监测数据,井筒安全系数能够实时表征油套管柱安全状态。     

Emotional,physical, and social needs among 0–5‐year‐old children displaced by the 2010 Chilean earthquake: associated characteristics and exposures

An 8.8‐magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Chile on 27 February 2010, displacing nearly 2,000 children aged less than five years to emergency housing camps. Nine months later, this study assessed the needs of 140 displaced 0–5‐year‐old children in six domains: caregiver stability and protection; health; housing; nutrition; psychosocial situation; and stimulation. Multivariate regression was applied to examine the degree to which emotional, physical, and social needs were associated with baseline characteristics and exposure to the earthquake, to stressful events, and to ongoing risks in the proximal post‐earthquake context. In each domain, 20 per cent or fewer children had unmet needs. Of all children in the sample, 20 per cent had unmet needs in multiple domains. Children's emotional, physical, and social needs were associated with ongoing exposures amenable to intervention, more than with baseline characteristics or epicentre proximity. Relief efforts should address multiple interrelated domains of child well‐being and ongoing risks in post‐disaster settings.     

一种新型油井管材机械及防腐性能研究

目的 重点评价一种新型油井管钢材00Cr9材质的拉伸强度、冲击韧性、硬度及螺纹连接等力学性能和防腐性能,为该新材质的使用条件提供理论依据.方法 力学性能方面,根据GB/T 228—2002《金属材料室温拉伸试验方法 》对00Cr9-110钢级的材料试样(2个)进行抗拉强度、屈服强度标准测试,参考API SPEC 5CT...     

应急封井装置与深水井喷喷流井口对接模拟研究

为研究井喷高速喷流对应急封井装置与井口对接时的冲击影响规律,应用CFD数值模拟方法研究应急封井装置下放距离、对接偏距、井喷喷速对流场分布、冲击力的影响规律.结果表明:装置下放对接过程中短轴方向所受冲击力增加幅度较大;水平方向对接时,随着偏距的减小,装置所受冲击力降低,且降低速率增加;应急封井装置处于相同高度时井喷流体的...     

渤海L油田油井生产管柱腐蚀失效原因分析及对策

目的 渤海L油田部分油井管柱频繁发生腐蚀失效穿孔,严重影响油田正常生产,为了延长井下管柱服役时间,对管柱腐蚀失效原因和防护对策进行分析.方法 采用形貌观察、金相分析和扫描电镜等手段对失效管柱及腐蚀产物进行研究,同时从油田水离子组成、腐蚀性气体、细菌含量和管柱冲蚀等方面开展腐蚀原因分析.结果 失效油井管柱主要为局部穿孔和...     

垃圾填埋场内部气体浓度等的时空变化特征

介绍了垃圾填埋场监测井的设计与内部气体浓度的监测方法,比较了垃圾填埋场封场区与未封场区在内部温度、渗滤液的pH值及气体(O₂,CH₄,CO₂等)浓度在时间上与空间上的差异,发现在不到3 a的时间里五峰垃圾填埋场内部垃圾分解的程度就已达到整个分解过程的中后期。