常规洗井和取样法存在问题及新方法介绍

通过分析国内外研究,阐述了常规洗井和取样(以潜水泵洗井,提桶或贝勒管取样为例)过程的一些弊端,并介绍了一种国内文献中未见的方法—低流速法。该法所采得的样品在代表性方面优势更加明显,获得的数据更加准确。     

ANALYSIS OF PUMPING TESTS: SIGNIFICANCE OF WELL DIAMETER,PARTIAL PENETRATION,AND NOISE1

ABSTRACT: The nonlinear least squares (NLS) method was applied to pumping and recovery aquifer test data in confined and unconfined aquifers with finite diameter and partially penetrating pumping wells, and with partially penetrating piezometers or observation wells. It was demonstrated that noiseless and moderately noisy drawdown data from observation points located less than two saturated thicknesses of the aquifer from the pumping well produced an exact or acceptable set of parameters when the diameter of the pumping well was included in the analysis. The accuracy of the estimated parameters, particularly that of specific storage, decreased with increases in the noise level in the observed drawdown data. With consideration of the well radii, the noiseless drawdown data from the pumping well in an unconfined aquifer produced good estimates of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities and specific yield, but the estimated specific storage was unacceptable. When noisy data from the pumping well were used, an acceptable set of parameters was not obtained. Further experiments with noisy drawdown data in an unconfined aquifer revealed that when the well diameter was included in the analysis, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield and vertical hydraulic conductivity may be estimated rather effectively from piezometers located over a range of distances from the pumping well. Estimation of specific storage became less reliable for piezometers located at distances greater than the initial saturated thickness of the aquifer. Application of the NLS to field pumping and recovery data from a confined aquifer showed that the estimated parameters from the two tests were in good agreement only when the well diameter was included in the analysis. Without consideration of well radii, the estimated values of hydraulic conductivity from the pumping and recovery tests were off by a factor of four.     

地下天然气储气井的现状与前景

储气井是一种压力容器,也是地下压力容器的典型代表。由于开发储气井的理念来源于油气井,因此储气井具有常规压力容器所不具备的特性并存在很多先天不足。文章针对储气井的现状,剖析了储气井在材料、设计、制造、检验检测等各环节存在的问题,并对储气井的健康发展提出了改进建议。     

含硫化氢天然气井公共安全技术标准体系比对研究

含硫化氢天然气井重大事故对公众安全具有重大危害,建立和完善含硫化氢天然气井公共安全技术标准体系,对于加强含硫气井应急管理,保护人民群众生命健康安全具有重要意义。针对含硫化氢天然气井公共安全技术标准,调研了加拿大和美国等国外含硫气井开发典型地区的含硫化氢天然气井公共安全技术标准体系,分析了其体系构成和标准内容,总结了其特点,比对国外含硫化氢天然气井公共安全技术标准体系,基于对国内的调研,分析了我国含硫化氢天然气井公共安全技术标准体系存在的不足;通过对国内外三百多项相关标准的调研和比对分析,基于我国实际现状,分析提出了标准体系建设的相关建议,为我国含硫化氢天然气井公共安全标准体系的完善和标准制定工作提供参考。     

Long‐term effects of Hurricane Katrina on the psychological well‐being of evacuees

Hurricane Katrina of August 2005 forced more than one million people to evacuate the Gulf Coast of the United States. This study examines the psychological health and well‐being of a subset of evacuees to determine the prevalence of ongoing mental health problems. Interviews were conducted with 101 adults who evacuated to Louisville, Kentucky, and were living in the state at the one‐year anniversary of the event or had recently returned to the Gulf Coast. The psychological health and well‐being of respondents was evaluated using several well‐validated measures. More than one‐half met the criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder and a majority were suffering from depression and anxiety. The mean quality of life score was 0.6 on a scale from 0–1, suggesting that adaptation and return to pre‐hurricane well‐being had not occurred 12 months after the storm. The potential for long‐term psychological damage exists in this sample of Hurricane Katrina evacuees. Results suggest other evacuees may also be at heightened risk.     

复杂形态井巷工程三维激光扫描与MIDAS-FLAC3D耦合建模稳定性分析研究

受井巷工程空间形态的复杂性及探测技术的局限性影响,部分人员无法进入的复杂形态井巷工程的实际空间形态往往很难准确获得,复杂井巷工程的数值分析往往很难进行建模或建立模型与实际误差较大,而在此基础上进行的稳定性分析结果可靠性往往较差。采用三维激光扫描技术对复杂形态井巷工程进行三维激光点云扫描,基于点云数据运用MIDAS软件建立精确形态的复杂井巷工程模型,通过耦合技术建立最终可以在FLAC3D中进行运算并且与实际形态相一致的数值模型。最后以某矿山主溜井为工程实例,利用三维激光精确扫描技术获取该井巷工程的实际空间形态,在此基础上进行MIDAS与FLAC3D耦合方法的建模分析,对该复杂井巷工程的稳定状况进行了稳定性分析。     

油田井场废水高效絮凝剂研究与应用

文章分析了长庆油田井场废水特点,研制了三种适合于长庆油田井场废水处理的絮凝剂。将研发的絮凝剂与普通PAM分析进行对比,新型絮凝剂对色度及石油类的去除比常规PAM去除率提高了50%左右,悬浮物及COD的去除率亦分别提高了20%和30%。现场应用表明,研发的絮凝剂具有良好的应用效果。     

山区井场周边人群疏散实验研究——实验设计

为防止气矿开采及运行发生天然气泄漏事故对社会公众造成影响,确保突发情况下快速有序有效地将受到影响的社会公众转移或疏散至安全地带,最大限度保护群众的安全,通过对山区井场周边人群疏散的现场实验,获取山区环境下人群疏散的行为特征、疏散时间、运动速度等数据,为山区地形条件下大规模人群疏散模拟计算提供基础性实验数据,并为井喷事故发生时人员应急疏散组织和管理提供参考。本文及后续文章将报道气矿井场周边人群疏散演练的实验研究。这里,主要对实验方案包括疏散人群、疏散路径及测试方案等进行介绍。     

陆上含硫气井安全规划方法探讨

本文对我国陆上含硫化氢天然气井的安全规划方法进行了研究。通过对国内外含硫气井安全规划方法及支撑技术手段的调研,结合我国含硫气井实际情况,提出了以公众防护为目标,以含硫气井分级方法为基础,以事故后果分析及定量风险分析为支撑技术手段,以公众安全防护距离及应急计划区划分为主要内容的含硫气井安全规划方法,并就新建及已有含硫气井分别加以了讨论。该方法为含硫气田勘探开发的政府安全监管及企业安全管理提供了参考依据。     

A Stochastic Modeling Approach to Address Hydrogeologic Uncertainties in Modeling Wellhead Protection Boundaries in Karst Aquifers1

Abstract: Development of any numerical ground‐water model is dependent on hydrogeologic data describing the subsurface. These data are obtained from geologic core analyses, stratigraphic analyses, aquifer performance tests, and geophysical studies. But typically in remote areas, these types of data are very sparse and site‐specific in terms of the aerial extent of the resource to be modeled. Uncertainties exist as to how well the available data from a few locations defines a heterogeneous surficial aquifer such as the Biscayne Aquifer in Miami‐Dade County, Florida. This is particularly the case when an exceptionally conductive horizontal flow zone is detected at one site due to specialized testing that was not historically conducted at the other at sites that provided data for the model. Not adequately accounting for the potential effect of the high flow zone in the aquifer within a ground‐water numerical model, even though the zone may be of very limited thickness, might underpredict the well field protection capture boundaries. Applied Stochastic ground‐water modeling in determining well field protection zones is steadily becoming important in addressing the uncertainty of the hydrogeologic subsurface parameters, specifically in karstic heterogeneous aquifers. This is particularly important in addressing the uncertainty of a 60‐day travel time capture zone in the Northwest Well Field, Miami‐Dade County, where a predominantly high flow zone controls much of the flow in the production wells. A stochastic ground‐water modeling application along with combination of pilot points and regularization technique is presented to further consolidate the uncertainty of the subsurface.