基于Fluent的井喷失控有毒气体扩散模拟研究

井喷是石油工业生产中比较常见的一种事故,特别是高含硫气井井喷后会造成重大的人员伤亡,研究H2S气井井喷后毒气扩散规律具有重要现实意义.基于重庆开县“12·23”井喷事件的初始数据,建立了具有障碍物的含H2S气井井喷事故模型.运用Fluent软件对不同高度的障碍物、不同风速、不同井口释放速率三种工况下的含H2S气井井喷扩散情况进行了模拟研究,得出了三种工况下1000ppmH2S的最远扩散距离,为高含硫气井的应急疏散和安全规划提供参考.     

东北海伦地区农村地下饮用水硝态氮污染特征及其影响因素分析

地下水硝态氮污染已成为一个全球性的问题,直接影响到人们的生活用水和身体健康.通过对海伦地区157口农村饮用水井取样分析,探讨了该地区地下水硝态氮污染的时空特征及其影响因素.结果表明,地下水中硝态氮平均含量14.01 mg·L^-1,超标率（≥10.00 mg·L^-1）达到26.11%.地下饮用水硝态氮的污染表现出明显的空间分异特征,在空间上地下水硝态氮污染程度从高到低依次为中部漫川漫岗农业区、东北丘陵漫岗农业区,西南平川漫岗农业区.在此基础上,从水井本身性质和污染物来源两方面分析了地下水硝态氮污染影响因素.在水井本身性质方面,水井管道材料不同导致地下水硝态氮受污染程度不同,其中单节管道水井的污染程度显著低于多节管道,平均浓度分别为5.08、 32.57 mg·L^-1,超标率分布为12.26%、 82.35%;整个地区水井硝态氮污染程度与水井绝对深度无显著关系,但在28个同一取样单元,深水井污染程度显著低于浅水井,其中单节管深井、单节管浅井、多节管深井、多节管浅井的平均浓度分别为1.84、 12.02、 25.14、 45.61 mg·L^-1.分析污染物来源可以发现,污染程度较高的地区多处于氮肥施用量较高、户均家禽牲畜量较多的地区,表明地下水硝态氮污染与化肥施用量以及家禽牲畜排泄量呈一定的正相关关系.     

泸沽湖生态系统问题分析

分析了泸沽湖陆生生态系统、水生生态系统、湿地生态系统和生态系统管理中存在的主要问题,提出了相应的对策措施,为泸沽湖保护与管理提供参考。     

地下水循环井技术修复硝基苯污染含水层效果模拟

实验在二维模拟槽中进行,以曝气前后地下水水位高度变化表征地下水循环强度,分析了地下水初始水位,曝气量和地下水初始流速对循环井运行的影响,并以得到的最佳运行参数进行硝基苯污染地下水修复效果模拟.结果表明,地下水初始水位45 cm,曝气量0.7 m3·h-1,地下水初始流速低于1.0 m·d-1时,循环井可以达到良好运行状态.硝基苯在地下水中的纵向迁移距离明显大于横向,泄漏第50 d时,平均浓度达到246.97 mg·L-1.循环井修复过程中,逐渐形成一个以循环井为中心的有机物高效修复区域.该区域内有机物被优先去除,浓度持续下降.高效修复区域外,存在过渡区域,该区域内有机物的浓度受有机物吸附/解吸和迁移性共同作用影响.整个修复过程中,硝基苯的浓度经历了快速下降-缓慢下降-浓度拖尾3个阶段,累计曝气14 h后,硝基苯的平均浓度下降至71.19 mg·L-1,残留的硝基苯分布在远离循环井的区域.由此可见,地下水循环井技术能够较好地修复硝基苯污染的地下水,修复过程存在最佳运行条件及最适修复时间.     

扶正器对超深气井油管柱屈曲行为的影响研究

为对苛刻工况中超深气井油管柱的屈曲行为进行完整、定量的研究,针对塔里木油田某超深气井油管柱,采用接触问题的有限元法,建立了原始油管和带扶正器油管2种工况下的有限元模型,并对油管柱的屈曲、接触问题进行模拟。结果表明:2种工况下的油管柱均在中和点到封隔器段发生了非均匀的正弦屈曲,加扶正器油管屈曲后横向位移小,屈曲段变长,屈曲形态有所改善;该模型可以全井段对原始油管柱和带扶正器油管柱屈曲形态进行对比分析,并且可获取原始油管屈曲后与套管的接触压力及其摩擦力,可为扶正器位置设计和油套管摩擦损伤失效分析提供定量数据参考。     

垃圾填埋场抽气竖井周边气体运移规律研究

通过建立填埋场抽气竖井周边气体轴对称稳态运移模型,分析了单层和分层垃圾体中气压力分布,并提出“降压百分比”的概念用于判定抽气影响范围,研究了垃圾产气率、气体渗透率、覆盖层厚度、覆盖层气体渗透率、抽气井深度和抽气负压对抽气影响范围和抽气量的影响,获得了竖井深度和井间距的确定方法.分析结果表明,抽气井的降压作用明显,抽气井深度和抽气负压越大,则抽气影响范围和抽气量越大.覆盖层厚度增加或其渗透率降低有助于扩大抽气影响范围和提高抽气量.抽气影响范围随气体渗透率的增加而增大,但随垃圾产气率的增加而减少;抽气量则随气体渗透率和产气率的增大而增加.抽气井深度是控制抽气影响范围的关键参数,建议竖井深度取垃圾填埋厚度的65％～75％,井间距取1.5～2.5倍竖井深度.     

Adaptive social impact management for conservation and environmental management

Concerns about the social consequences of conservation have spurred increased attention the monitoring and evaluation of the social impacts of conservation projects. This has resulted in a growing body of research that demonstrates how conservation can produce both positive and negative social, economic, cultural, health, and governance consequences for local communities. Yet, the results of social monitoring efforts are seldom applied to adaptively manage conservation projects. Greater attention is needed to incorporating the results of social impact assessments in long‐term conservation management to minimize negative social consequences and maximize social benefits. We bring together insights from social impact assessment, adaptive management, social learning, knowledge coproduction, cross‐scale governance, and environmental planning to propose a definition and framework for adaptive social impact management (ASIM). We define ASIM as the cyclical process of monitoring and adaptively managing social impacts over the life‐span of an initiative through the 4 stages of profiling, learning, planning, and implementing. We outline 14 steps associated with the 4 stages of the ASIM cycle and provide guidance and potential methods for social‐indicator development, predictive assessments of social impacts, monitoring and evaluation, communication of results, and identification and prioritization of management responses. Successful ASIM will be aided by engaging with best practices – including local engagement and collaboration in the process, transparent communication of results to stakeholders, collective deliberation on and choice of interventions, documentation of shared learning at the site level, and the scaling up of insights to inform higher‐level conservation policies‐to increase accountability, trust, and perceived legitimacy among stakeholders. The ASIM process is broadly applicable to conservation, environmental management, and development initiatives at various scales and in different contexts.     

Five challenges to reconcile agricultural land use and forest ecosystem services in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia possesses the highest rates of tropical deforestation globally and exceptional levels of species richness and endemism. Many countries in the region are also recognized for their food insecurity and poverty, making the reconciliation of agricultural production and forest conservation a particular priority. This reconciliation requires recognition of the trade‐offs between competing land‐use values and the subsequent incorporation of this information into policy making. To date, such reconciliation has been relatively unsuccessful across much of Southeast Asia. We propose an ecosystem services (ES) value‐internalization framework that identifies the key challenges to such reconciliation. These challenges include lack of accessible ES valuation techniques; limited knowledge of the links between forests, food security, and human well‐being; weak demand and political will for the integration of ES in economic activities and environmental regulation; a disconnect between decision makers and ES valuation; and lack of transparent discussion platforms where stakeholders can work toward consensus on negotiated land‐use management decisions. Key research priorities to overcome these challenges are developing easy‐to‐use ES valuation techniques; quantifying links between forests and well‐being that go beyond economic values; understanding factors that prevent the incorporation of ES into markets, regulations, and environmental certification schemes; understanding how to integrate ES valuation into policy making processes, and determining how to reduce corruption and power plays in land‐use planning processes.     

蒸汽驱油井硫化氢安全防治技术

为安全有效地消除原油中的硫化氢,在分析了现有技术存在不足的情况下,提出了利用井下产出液的流动动能作为动力,驱动叶轮旋转并带动微型螺杆泵,将消除硫化氢的注剂泵入到采出液中来实现消除硫化氢的目的。通过研究,研制了井下消除硫化氢注剂注入管柱及微型螺杆注入泵。该注入装置安全性高,操作简单,消除效果好,从而达到有效治理硫化氢的目的,满足油井的安全作业要求。     

基于贝叶斯公式的地下水污染源及含水层参数同步反演

针对非均质地下含水层污染源识别及含水层参数反演过程中监测方案优化问题,提出一种基于贝叶斯公式及信息熵最小的累进加井的多井监测方案优化方法.首先,构建假想案例下的二维非均质各向同性潜水含水层水流及溶质运移模型,运用GMS软件进行数值模拟求解.采用最优拉丁超立方抽样方法和Kriging法建立数值模拟模型的替代模型.然后以参数后验分布的信息熵最小为目标函数,采用累进加井的方式进行多井监测方案优化设计.最后根据优化后的监测方案,采用差分进化自适应Metropolis算法进行污染源及含水层参数的同步反演.算例研究表明：在兼顾反演精度及监测成本,并保证每个参数分区内至少有1眼监测井的条件下,5眼井组合监测方案（6,5,1,2,8）为最优监测方案.与信息熵最小的10眼井组合监测方案（1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10）的参数反演结果相比,5眼井组合监测方案对11个参数α=（X_S,Y_S,T₁,T₂,Q_s,K₁,K₂,K₃,DL₁,DL₂,DL₃）的后验均值偏离率的平均值虽增大1.2%,但监测成本却是10眼井组合监测方案的50%.