基于光纤光栅和小波包分析的结构损伤探测

以光纤光栅为传感元件、小波包分析为信号提取工具,获取了智能材料四边简支板损伤前、后的动态应变信号检测方法,并采用耦合神经网络方法对智能材料四边简支板结构进行了损伤识别分析。结果表明,光纤光栅可非常灵敏地检测出智能材料内部的动态应变信号,小波包信号处理方法可获得大量反映结构损伤特征的有效信号;随着损伤孔径的增大,耦合神经网络损伤识别的精度提高,可得到损伤的位置和大小的信息。研究结果在大型工程结构的健康监测中具有重要的潜在应用价值。     

大型商业建筑人员整体疏散与层次疏散效率对比模拟研究

大型商业建筑人员密度高,疏散环境复杂,火灾条件下人员疏散困难,疏散过程中易发生楼梯口拥堵,而造成疏散效率降低。本文针对大型商业建筑人员逃生疏散过程中大部分时间被耗用在聚集楼梯口等待这一实际问题,应用Building EXDOUS安全疏散软件对某购物广场进行数值模拟分析,通过对比整体疏散和层次疏散两种疏散方式,发现层次疏散较之整体疏散时间大为缩短,人员在楼梯口等待时间显著降低,疏散效率明显提高,进而完善了大型商业性建筑内疏散策略。     

The propagation speed of the cracks in coal body containing gas

The destabilization of coal body containing gas that is caused by the quick propagation of the cracks in coal body containing gas and the high pressure gas, which result into coal and gas outburst. Thus, according to the theory of brittleness rupture mechanics the propagation speed calculation formula of the cracks in coal body containing gas is derived under constant stress and the mechanism of the cracks propagation is analyzed. The propagation speed of the cracks in coal body containing gas is calculated by the experimental work. The research results show that gas pressure make the cracks propagation easier, which is consistent with the analysis result of the propagation speed calculation of the cracks. As well as the propagation speed of the cracks increase with the augment of gas pressure.     

应急响应逻辑流程构建及其应用研究

针对目前部分预案中的应急响应存在上下一致、缺乏操作性以及存在区域盲点等问题,提出基于应急响应行动及区域灾害后果的分析构建应急响应逻辑流程。其中分层的应急行动结构体现了不同级别预案应急响应的侧重与分工,承灾体状态与应急任务关联的建立使应急响应流程更适应事件发生区域灾害后果。提出的应急响应逻辑流程是针对不同区域不同事件的应急响应流程通用的建模方法,可作为区域发生某事件所启动预案的应急响应评估模板,为修订和完善应急预案提供参考依据。     

浅埋隧道爆破施工对地表建筑物安 全的 试验和数值分析

以沪昆高铁黄鹤堡隧道工程为研究对象,针对地表建筑物受大跨度浅埋隧道爆破开挖震动影响的情况,采用预裂爆破技术保护地表建筑 物的安全。结合爆破震动监测,并利用FLAC3D进行隧道爆破开挖数值模拟,对隧道地表沉降及建筑物所处位置的质点振动速度进行分析,通过 与现场实测数据进行对比发现:采用预裂爆破技术能够显著降低隧道地表质点最大振速,有效保护地表建筑物安全;隧道围岩等级越高,隧道 地表沉降值越小,地表建筑物越安全;数值模拟监测点质点振动速度与现场实测的质点振动速度变化规律基本一致,振动时间少于1s,水平方 向最大振速约为1.5 cm/s,垂直方向最大振速为1.6~1.7 cm/s,最大振速也比较接近。     

生活垃圾分类减量现状与展望

以上海市为例总结了生活垃圾分类工作的发展历程,分析了生活垃圾分类减量工作的重要意义,对上海市2011年以来生活垃圾分类减量工作的目标、方法、存在问题等进行阐述,并提出了下一步加强生活垃圾分类减量工作的发展方向和对策措施。     

Technological change and fisheries sustainability: The point of view of Adaptive Dynamics

The analysis of a simple model shows that exploitation of fish stocks can entrain in the long run the substantial decline or even the collapse of the stock, as well as difficulties in stock recovery, loss of fishery resilience, and reduction of the mean fish size. The results are in agreement with numerous observations, even though they are obtained with a simple model in which the harvesting fleet and the fish stock are considered as unstructured predator and prey. The study is carried out for the typical case of fleet dimension not too sensitive to the year-to-year fluctuations of the stock and assuming that the sole cause of evolution is technological innovation. The analysis is performed by means of Adaptive Dynamics, an approach born in theoretical biology which is used here in the context of technological change. Although the results are qualitatively consistent with those obtained long ago through the principles of bioeconomics, it is fair to stress that the underlying assumptions are different. In fact, in the bioeconomic approach fleet technology does not evolve and fishing effort varies to produce economic optimization, while in the Adaptive Dynamics approach technological innovation is the key driver. The paper is purely theoretical and the proposed model can hardly be tuned on any real fishery. No practical guidelines for managers can therefore be drawn, if not the general conclusion that long-term sustainability of exploited fish stocks can only be achieved if strategic parameters influencing technological change are kept under strict control.     

我国酸雨地区水体会酸化吗——重庆水体酸化的调查

调查结果表明:重庆地区已出现酸化水体,水体 pH 值可低至4.57,ANC 低至77.92μg/L。酸化原因主要与酸沉降、集水区土壤及植被等有关。重庆的水体酸碱度的分布规律大致与土壤酸碱度分布一致。海拔在500m 以下的水体 pH 值多在7～8之间,甚至大于8,且 ANC 和HCO_3~-都高,有较强的缓冲性。而海拔500m 以上的水体,pH 值小于7.0,缓冲能力弱,在长期的酸沉降影响下,由于其集水区土壤缺乏缓冲能力,最终水体将面临进一步酸化。     

地铁运行引起的地面振动分析

随着城市地铁建设的快速发展，地铁列车运行引起的环境振动问题已引起社会各界的广泛关注。以软件ABAQUS为计算平台，建立了隧道一地基动力相互作用分析模型，给出了模拟地铁列车振动荷载的表达式。以南京地铁沿线典型场地条件为研究对象，采用修正Martin—Seed—Davidenkov动粘弹塑性本构模型描述土的动力特性，分析了地铁列车运行引起的地表振动特性，给出了地铁隧道断面几何形式、隧道埋深、两平行区间隧道间的净距和场地条件等因素对地表振动特性的影响规律，为地铁选线和地铁邻近建（构）筑物的减、隔振设计提供参考依据。     

深切河谷岸坡大型堆积体成因及稳定性研究

金沙江中游某拟定水电站坝址区下游存在一非基质结构岸坡,覆盖层厚度巨大,以白云质角砾堆积层为主。对角砾堆积体物质结构特征及成因机制进行研究,确定了其滑坡成因的性质,并分析了早期河谷边坡岩体可能的变形破坏方式。对该边坡稳定性分析表明,该古滑坡堆积体边坡自身结构长期处于稳定状态,没有发生古滑体复活或变形迹象,其整体不存在失稳条件。