Gas screening effect caused by steam curtains

Steam curtain equipment is used to prevent leaking flammable gases from reaching ignition sources, such as furnaces. However, steam curtains are sometimes designed badly and are ineffective for preventing the leaking gas from spreading in the windward direction. The leaked gas may pass on either side of the stream curtain, it may pass between the nozzles, or it may pass on the upper side of the stream curtain. At present, data to design the best stream curtains are quite rare. It is necessary to obtain fundamental data on the entrainment of air by steam jet and on the inclination of the steam curtain caused by the strong wind. Therefore, a series of experiments to investigate the entrained air and the inclination of the steam curtain were performed, in addition to further theoretical considerations. Thus, fundamental data useful for the design of the steam curtain equipment have been obtained.     

某850kW水平轴风力发电机机舱火灾模拟与分析

采用火灾动力学模拟器软件和性能化防火设计理论,基于实际事故案例分析,设计针对某850 kW水平轴风力发电机机舱的典型火灾场景,建立池火灾模型,对额定风速(13 m/s)下机舱内该类型火灾的发生和发展过程进行研究,模拟计算机舱内火灾的热释放速率、温度场和速度场等参数,探讨进气口风速对火灾热释放速率和温度场等的影响。结果表明:封闭条件下,从齿轮箱底部发展起来的油池火灾热释放速率在62.4 s时达到最大值(757 kW),持续燃烧93 s后降至0;齿轮箱附近部件遭受火灾破坏最为严重,喷射油料二次燃烧导致火强度变大并加剧了火灾的破坏程度。额定风速下,齿轮箱附近软管喷射油料未出现二次燃烧现象,但火灾后期热释放速率在335 s内达到4 000 kW;以火源为分界面,火源前方区域温度(406~567℃)明显高于后方区域温度(177~279℃);顶部通风口承受全部热流,机舱罩顶部温度最终达到930℃,并出现轰燃。     

基于模糊证据理论的铁路信号系统风险评价

为综合考虑风险中的不确定性对评价结果的影响,针对目前铁路信号系统风险评价中无法充分利用专家定性评价信息的问题,提出一种基于模糊证据理论的铁路信号系统风险评价方法。首先在对系统进行风险识别的基础上,采用模糊集理论对风险因素进行统一的模糊描述;然后将模糊集中的描述映射在证据理论的识别框架下,通过证据理论进行信息融合;再结合风险因素权重进行综合评价,确定铁路信号系统的风险等级。以无线闭塞中心临时限速处理功能为例进行风险评价,分析确定该功能的风险等级,评估结果与实际情况相符,验证了该方法的有效性、合理性和可行性。     

气候因素对沙尘天气影响的模型研究

气候因素是影响沙尘天气发生的必要条件,到目前为止,用定量模型研究气候因素对沙尘天气的影响还比较欠缺,针对这一情况,利用风速、降水、蒸发量、相对湿度和大风日数基本气象资料,提出了风速影响指数W和土壤湿度指数H,并给出了相应的指标计算方法,在此基础上建立了影响沙尘天气的气候影响指数D模型.同时选取了北京大兴、怀柔、门头沟、顺义四个区气象台站的气象资料(1961-1990年)进行模型应用,结果表明气候影响指数D和沙尘天气发生频率S有较好的线性相关性,与McTainsh的模型进行对比发现,该模型评价气候因素对沙尘天气影响作用的效果较显著.     

城市局部气候分区及其参数化条件下风环境模拟

在改善城市空气污染和城市热岛研究时,城市风环境研究受到人们关注。利用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法直接对城市尺度风环境进行模拟,将是一种高效的研究方法。本文对局部气候分区及其参数特征进行分析,针对中国城市化建筑高大化、密集化的特点以及多孔介质模型对城市下垫面参数化的要求,提出基于局部气候分区及其参数进行城市风环境数值模拟的方法,并以西安市西咸新区的沣西新城为例进行初步探讨。对沣西新城的模拟结果显示了本文方法的可行性,并对该区域通风廊道建设进行分析。     

风速及风向对城市热岛强度的影响研究

为研究气象参数风对城市热岛效应影响,利用2008—2013年长沙气象局提供的相关气象数据,采用统计方法,首次研究了风速和风向对热岛强度分布规律的影响。结果表明:长沙热岛效应主要发生在晚间;热岛强度值随风速的增大而降低;处于顺风方向上的南北方向,两者热岛强度的差值随风速的增大而逐渐减少;处于与风向垂直方向上的东西方向,两者热岛强度的差值不受风速大小的影响。气象参数风对城市热岛强度和空间分布影响显著。     

Availability estimation of a multi-state wind farm in fuzzy environment

Wind is one of the fastest growing renewable energy resources in the electric power system. Availability of wind energy is volatile in nature due to the stochastic behavior of wind speed and non-linear variation of the wind power curve of wind turbine generator. Because of this impression and uncertainty, the availability estimation of wind power has become a challenging issue. In this paper, Markov Fuzzy Reward technique has been proposed for finding out the reliability of wind farm by assessing the availability of wind power. According to this technique, availability of the wind power has been estimated considering wind farm and demand both as a multi-state system. In addition to the availability, different reliability indices such as the number of absolute failures, mean time to deficiency, and probability of failures of a wind farm have been assessed in a time horizon, which can provide useful information for the power system planner at wind farm installing stage. A comparison of this study reveals the efficacy of the proposed Markov Fuzzy Reward approach over the conventional Markov Reward approach.     

The role of NIMBY in opposing the siting of wind farms: evidence from Greece

This paper aims to assess the relative importance of a NIMBY (‘Not-In-My-Back-Yard’) stance on an individual's opposition to the siting of a wind farm vis-à-vis other predictors, such as perceived effects (costs, risks and benefits associated with the project), perceived fairness of the siting decision and societal trust. Data originate from two case studies, a small wind farm of just two wind turbines in southern Greece and a mega-project of 153 turbines on the Greek island of Lesvos (aggregate N = 334). We use structural equation modelling (SEM) for testing the theoretically-suggested relations between the various constructs. We find that NIMBY is not the most important predictor of opposition while it is strongly correlated with other predictors, such as the perceived unfairness of the siting decision as well as the risks and costs associated with the wind farm. These latter findings undermine the common-sense idea that wishing a wind farm out of one's vicinity (‘Not-In-My-Back-Yard’) is an example of mere ‘free-riding’. Since the fit of the SEM models was found to be moderate, we discuss the limitations of our study and the implications of our findings as well as suggesting pathways for future research.     

我国湿热沿海风电机组服役环境条件研究

目的为我国湿热沿海风电设备的设计、制造、运行维护及标准制定提供参考依据。方法通过对湿热沿海风电机组服役环境条件的监测,包括风电机组运行环境温湿度数据、腐蚀数据等,分析湿热沿海地区主要环境因素对风电机组的影响。结果针对我国湿热沿海环境条件提出了关键设备和材料的环境技术要求及试验方法。结论对风电机组面临的环境问题提出相应的改进措施及建议。     

青藏高原高寒草甸地区大气CO_2浓度变化特征

大气CO2浓度的长期连续观测是研究全球和区域碳循环过程及其气候和环境效应的重要基础.利用基于非色散红外吸收光谱法(NDIR)的大气CO2在线观测系统,于2012年3月—2013年2月在青海门源大气背景站对青藏高原高寒草甸地区大气φ(CO2)进行了连续观测.结果表明:1观测期间,门源站大气φ(CO2)波动较大,其背景值出现频率为59%,背景值平均为391.2×10-6,低于2012年全球平均值(393.1×10-6);受排放源和吸收汇影响的φ(CO2)非背景值出现频率分别为25%和16%,二者平均值分别为401.1×10-6和380.7×10-6.2夏季φ(CO2)日变幅最大,达到28.9×10-6;春季、夏季、秋季、冬季φ(CO2)最高值分别出现在08:00、07:00、08:00和11:00,最低值均出现在16:00.3门源站φ(CO2)背景值季节变化明显,最高值出现在1月,月均值为397.7×10-6;最低值出现在8月,月均值为381.0×10-6.4不同季节φ(CO2)-风玫瑰图分析结果显示,春季、夏季、秋季φ(CO2)高值主要出现在W-NW-N扇区,冬季高值主要出现在SE-S-SW扇区.门源站大气φ(CO2)的季节变化特征主要是排放源、吸收汇以及地面风共同作用的结果.