Evaluation of CFD Simulation using RANS Turbulence Models for Building Effects on Pollutant Dispersion

CFD evaluations were performed to examine the applicability of the RANS methods in simulating pollutant dispersion near, within and over three typical building configurations: (1) an isolated building, (2) a building array and (3) an urban intersection. The CFD results are compared with values obtained from wind tunnel tests. In some situations major differences between the wind tunnel tests and the CFD results were observed. The main source of difference between the CFD and wind tunnel results was inadequate modelling of local flow patterns using the RANS turbulence models. Also inappropriate evaluation of high intermittent turbulent mixing in the RANS approach may lead to either over-prediction or under-prediction of the concentration level, by up to a factor of 10, depending on the case investigated.     

秦皇岛港煤堆场防风网风洞试验研究

介绍了秦皇岛港煤堆场防风网模型风洞试验的目的，方法和内容，提供了试验结果分析。试验结果表明，煤堆场防风网可以有效地降低堆场部分区域内的风速和紊流度，减少环境污染。     

煤场扬尘机理及相关对策

根据煤堆起尘量经验公式，结合区域面源污染研究工作，提出煤场扬尘的主要影响因素，从而对煤场扬尘在区域大气面源污染中的重要性进行具体分析，并提出治理措施。     

浅谈县级生态农业建设评价指标体系框架

我省自八十年代初始,已开展了生态农业试点建设,在不同区域条件下取得了明显的经济、生态、社会三大效益。“八五”期间试点范围还将会扩大,在此基础上,提出评价指标为生态农业建设规范化提供依据。本文拟写评价指标体系及其标准原则、评价方法、指标体系的解释和评价单项指标群体。通过指标评价方法,既可找出影响生态经济功能的限制因子,又可找到问题的突破口及配套措施。将有效地促进县级生态农业的健康发展。     

森林火灾旋涡机理初探

作者在热风洞中模拟森林火灾发生的环境条件，在可燃物中设置一突出的圆柱形钝体，发现在有风燃烧火焰流向钝体下游时，紧贴不可燃的壁面，存在两个剧烈燃烧的驻涡，并且涡可以一定的频率脱落，从现象上看与冷流体流动中的卡门涡街有相似的地方，也有完全不同之处。高温燃烧气体新构成的涡的存在，易使下游可燃物点燃，从而加速火蔓延速度。     

ALGAL BLOOM PROBABILITY IN A LARGE SUBTROPICAL LAKE1

ABSTRACT: Algal blooms, defined as chlorophyll α concentrations greater than 40 μg l^?1, are common in Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Using logistic regression techniques, we have developed equations that relate limnological variables to algal bloom occurrence in four distinct open-water regions of this large shallow lake: central pelagic, northwest, southwest, and a transition region between the western and pelagic regions. Wind velocity and total phosphorus, which are closely related to resuspended material in the central region, are negatively related to algal bloom occurrence there. In the transition region, algal bloom occurrence is positively related to total nitrogen and wind velocity. Algal bloom occurrence is strongly and positively related to total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in the western regions. The logistic regression model predicts an algal bloom probability greater than 95 percent in the northwest region when total phosphorus exceeds 0.10 mg l^?1 and total nitrogen exceeds 2.5 mg l^?1. In the southwest region the model predicts algal bloom probability of 100 percent when total phosphorus exceeds 0.10 mg l^?1 and total nitrogen exceeds 2.8 mg l^?1. Given 1994 mean total phosphorus concentrations of 0.05 and 0.04 mg l^?1 in the northwest and southwest regions, respectively, total nitrogen would have to remain below 1.32 and 1.43 mg l^?1, respectively, to keep the algal bloom probability below 10 percent. Because the lake is heterogenous, such nutrient standards should be considered on an in-lake regional basis for Lake Okeechobee.     

Gas screening effect caused by steam curtains

Steam curtain equipment is used to prevent leaking flammable gases from reaching ignition sources, such as furnaces. However, steam curtains are sometimes designed badly and are ineffective for preventing the leaking gas from spreading in the windward direction. The leaked gas may pass on either side of the stream curtain, it may pass between the nozzles, or it may pass on the upper side of the stream curtain. At present, data to design the best stream curtains are quite rare. It is necessary to obtain fundamental data on the entrainment of air by steam jet and on the inclination of the steam curtain caused by the strong wind. Therefore, a series of experiments to investigate the entrained air and the inclination of the steam curtain were performed, in addition to further theoretical considerations. Thus, fundamental data useful for the design of the steam curtain equipment have been obtained.     

北京地区偏南风和偏东风条件下污染特征差异

为探究污染的控制风向特征差异及其长期演变趋势,对2014~2019年北京地区逐小时气象要素和PM_2.5浓度统计分析.结果表明,研究时段内北京地区67%的污染发生在偏南风和偏东风的控制下,且冬季最易出现污染,其次为春季和秋季,各自对应的冬、春、秋和夏季平均污染概率为45.2%、34.1%、32.1%和26.1%及47.0%、45.8%、39.7%和29.6%.北京偏南风频率更高,但偏东风下污染概率更大,污染差异在春季最明显11.7%（2.8%~18.6%）,冬季最小1.8%（-7.6%~13.9%）.过去6 a,偏南风和偏东风下的污染概率分别以每年4.6%~8.0%和5.5%~7.9%的速度降低,很大程度体现在中度及以上程度污染占比的减少.偏南风下污染发生时,能见度和混合层高度偏高、风速偏大、小时风速≥3 m ·s^-1的时次偏多、相对湿度和露点温度偏低,春季、夏季和秋季的PM_2.5平均、峰值和75%百分位浓度显著低于偏东风控制下的污染,而冬季PM_2.5浓度则偏高.这表明,污染发生时,偏南风下大气对污染物的承载和扩散能力略好于偏东风,且偏东风下大气含水量的增加有利于污染的维持和加重.而冬季,原有排放加上城市供暖的影响,偏南风输送的污染气团可能更有助于PM_2.5浓度的升高.此外,春季、夏季和秋季的污染逐渐向"偏东风型"发展,但冬季一直保持"偏南风型"污染.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WIND VELOCITY AND UNDERWATER IRRADIANCE IN A SHALLOW LAKE (LAKE OKEECHOBEE,FLORIDA, USA)1

ABSTRACT: Relationships between wind velocity and the vertical light attenuation coefficient (K₀) were determined at two locations in a large, shallow lake (Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA). K₀ was significantly correlated with antecedent wind conditions, which explained as much as 90 percent of the daily variation in K₀. Sub-surface irradiance began to change within 60 to 90 minutes of the time when wind velocity exceeded or dropped below a threshold value. Maximum one hour changes in K₀ were > 50 percent, however, 20 to 30 percent changes were more common. The magnitude of change in K₀ varied spatially based on differences in sediment type. K₀ never exceeded 2.8 at a location where bottom sediments were dominated by a mixture of coarse sand and shells. In comparison, K₀ exceeded 9 during episodic wind events where the bottom sediment was comprised of fine grain mud. Underwater irradiance data can be used to determine threshold wind velocity and account for the influence sediment type has on K₀. Once a threshold velocity has been established, the frequency, rate, and duration of expected change in underwater irradiance can be evaluated. This is critical information for scientists who are studying algal productivity or other light-related phenomena.     

二龙山水库流域不同程度生态破坏对小气候要素的影响

根据森林生态系统破坏程度的不同,对二龙山水库流域进行区域划分,组织小气候观测,研究不同小区气温、相对湿度和风速的特征.分析结果表明,流域内不同程度生态破坏对小气候要素有显著的影响.