稠油污水处理系统改造与絮凝剂筛选试验研究

河南油田井楼稠油联合站含油污水中的污油和悬浮物含量较高,超过150mg/L。为此,对该处理系统进行了改造,并对絮凝剂的筛选进行了试验。结果表明:无机絮凝剂与有机絮凝剂联合作用,可对污水中所含有的污油和有机物杂质的悬浮物产生很好的絮凝沉降效果。加药浓度、加药顺序及沉降时间均对絮凝沉降效果有一定的影响。改造后的污水处理系统实现了污水达标回注,降低了无效回注费用。同时还回收了污油,降低了药剂成本,产生了十分明显的经济效益,每年节约成本约500万元。     

Global Warming and Global Dioxide Emission: An Empirical Study

In this paper, the dynamic relationship between global surface temperature (global warming) and global carbon dioxide emission (CO₂) is modelled and analyzed by causality and spectral analysis in the time domain and frequency domain, respectively. Historical data of global CO₂emission and global surface temperature anomalies over 129 years from 1860–1988 are used in this study. The causal relationship between the two phenomena is first examined using the Sim and Granger causality test in the time domain after the data series are filtered by ARIMA models. The Granger causal relationship is further scrutinized and confirmed by cross-spectral and multichannel spectral analysis in the frequency domain. The evidence found from both analyses proves that there is a positive causal relationship between the two variables. The time domain analysis suggests that Granger causality exists between global surface temperature and global CO₂emission. Further, CO₂emission causes the change in temperature. The conclusions are further confirmed by the frequency domain analysis, which indicates that the increase in CO₂emission causes climate warming because a high coherence exists between the two variables. Furthermore, it is proved that climate changes happen after an increase in CO₂emission, which confirms that the increase in CO₂emission does cause global warming.     

双级虚拟撞击采样器应用于固定污染源PM10和PM2.5排放测量

为贯彻落实《大气污染防治行动计划》,环境保护部指导各地开展大气污染源排放清单编制工作,其中包括固定源PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放清单.但目前国内尚无固定源PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)标准采样方法.本研究提出了适合我国固定源PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)测量的双级虚拟撞击采样方法,开发了相应的分级采样系统,并用该方法对各类固定源进行了现场测试.测试结果表明,所测试的煤粉炉电厂的烟囱入口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(0.93±0.03)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(1.13±0.11)mg·m~(-3).所测试的垃圾焚烧电厂的烟囱排放口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(3.3±0.65)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(6.9±0.86)mg·m~(-3).所测试的大型循环流化床发电厂的烟囱排放口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(0.59±0.04)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(1.12±0.16)mg·m~(-3).所测试的钢铁转炉的烟囱排放口PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(0.15±0.04)mg·m~(-3),PM_(10)质量浓度为(0.43±0.15)mg·m~(-3).     

THOR dummy chest deflection response in oblique and lateral far-side sled tests

Abstract

Objective: The focus of this study is side impact. Though occupant injury assessment and protection in nearside impacts has received considerable attention and safety standards have been promulgated, field studies show that a majority of far-side occupant injuries are focused on the head and thorax. The 50th percentile male Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) has been used in oblique and lateral far-side impact sled tests, and regional body accelerations and forces and moments recorded by load cells have been previously reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the chestband-based deflection responses from these tests.

Methods: The 3-point belt–restrained 50th percentile male THOR dummy was seated upright in a buck consisting of a rigid flat seat, simulated center console, dashboard, far-side side door structure, and armrest. It was designed to conduct pure lateral and oblique impacts. The center console, dashboard, simulated door structure, and armrest were covered with energy-absorbing materials. A center-mounted airbag was mounted to the right side of the seat. Two 59-gage chestbands were routed on the circumference of the thorax, with the upper and lower chestbands at the level of the third and sixth ribs, respectively, following the rib geometry. Oblique and pure lateral far-side impact tests with and without airbags were conducted at 8.3 m/s. Maximum chest deflections were computed by processing temporal contours using custom software and 3 methods: Procedures paralleling human cadaver studies, using the actual anchor point location and actual alignment of the InfraRed Telescoping Rods for the Assessment of Chest Compression (IR-TRACC) in the dummy on each aspect—that is, right or left,—and using the same anchor location of the internal sensor but determining the location of the peak chest deflection on the contour confined to the aspect of the sensor; these were termed the SD, ID, and TD metrics, respectively.

Results: All deformation contours at the upper and lower thorax levels and associated peak deflections are given for all tests. Briefly, the ID metrics were the lowest in magnitude for both pure lateral and oblique modes, regardless of the presence or absence of an airbag. This was followed by the TD metric, and the SD metric produced the greatest deflections.

Conclusion: The chestbands provide a unique opportunity to compute peak deflections that parallel current IR-TRACC-type deflections and allow computation of peak deflections independent of the initial point of attachment to the rib. The differing locations of the peak deflection vectors along the rib contours for different test conditions suggest that a priori attachment is less effective. Further, varying magnitudes of the differences between ID and TD metrics underscore the difficulty in extrapolating ID outputs under different conditions: Pure lateral versus oblique, airbag presence, and thoracic levels. Deflection measurements should, therefore, not be limited to an instrument that can only track from a fixed point. For improved predictions, these results suggest the need to investigate alternative techniques, such as optical methods to improve chest deflection measurements for far-side occupant injury assessment and mitigation.     

航天产品环境适应性问题研究

全面论述了产品研制中提高环境适应性的途径,从产品设计的角度阐释了产品环境适应性基础原理、产品环境分析、环境适应性设计、环境适应性试验、环境适应性管理等内容,并总结了相关环境分析、试验、设计、管理的风险因素,提出了环境适应性工作管理的3个覆盖和适应性技术的发展趋势,认为对当前传统认识——环境适应性工作就是制定环境条件和进...     

新体制下装备环境适应性试验鉴定的思考

通过分析现行装备环境工程工作与新体制下试验鉴定要求的差距,归纳提出了新体制下装备环境适应性试验鉴定的总体解决思路,明确了全寿命周期装备环境适应性工作项目剪裁方法,以及完整的装备试验鉴定工作项目集,给出了装备环境适应性要求确定原则,以及各阶段、各层级产品环境适应性要求集,为装备面向实战、全过程、全层级、全指标的环境适应性试验鉴定提供了指导。     

苏南地区CO2本底浓度及源汇特征

基于2015~2018年苏州张家港站CO₂在线观测数据,采用时序检查、选取稳定性数据、异常值剔除等质量控制方法获得可靠数据,并通过平均移动过滤（MAF）本底筛分法获得本底数据,讨论苏南地区CO₂变化特征.结果发现：CO₂本底浓度日变化为单峰结构,谷值和峰值分别出现在下午15：00和凌晨5：00前后;季节变化为双峰结构,峰值分别出现在12月和4月;日、季节变化的分布特征均与陆地生态系统、气象条件和人类活动有关.此外,2015~2018年CO₂浓度呈逐年上升趋势,抬升浓度占比逐年增加,吸收浓度占比波动较小,表明人类活动对CO₂浓度的影响正在逐年增加;而陆地生态系统对CO₂吸收汇的作用则相对稳定.源汇分析显示,CO₂抬升浓度随季节小幅波动;吸收浓度则夏半年较低,冬半年较高;抬升浓度日变化为单峰结构,谷值和峰值分别出现在15：00和8：00前后,早晨正值上班高峰,机动车排放可能为早晨峰值的主要因素;吸收浓度日间低、夜间高,这主要与植物光合作用及对流输送有关.分析CO₂浓度与风的关系发现,所有季节静风情况下,CO₂浓度偏高均最为明显,大部分方向CO₂浓度高低与风速大小有明显的负相关,其中S~WNW方向偏高最为明显,这可能是因为SW~NW方向主要为内陆城市群,且测站周边建筑区主要位于W~N方向,弱风有利于本地排放累积的结果.此外,WNW方向风速较大时浓度仍偏高明显,可能与测站W~N方向为建筑区及内陆城市群有关;而测站偏东方向主要为农田和林区,受人类活动影响较小,且海上气流较为洁净,故偏东风较弱时浓度也不高;说明了CO₂浓度除了与风速大小有关外,与周边下垫面类型及较远距离环境特征（城市群或海洋）也有一定的关系.     

某型硬质泡沫塑料弹架结构长贮特性和本构关系研究

目的研究一类硬质泡沫塑料弹架结构的贮存特性和本构关系。方法首先对结构试件进行高温压缩蠕变试验,然后对压缩后试件蠕变性能进行分析,得到材料高温压缩蠕变曲线,在此基础上用WLF方程对试件的贮存寿命进行评估,推算出试件达到特定蠕变量所需时间。结果基于试验所得材料应力-应变曲线,用数值拟合的方法建立了试件材料的压缩本构关系。结论证实了在高温压缩蠕变试验过程中材料本构关系未发生变化,研究结果可为后续型号结构试件寿命评估和失效机理研究提供参考。     

气象条件对上甸子地区气溶胶散射特征的影响

利用北京地区上甸子站气溶胶散射系数、PM2.5质量浓度和气象要素1 a的观测资料,研究不同天气条件下上甸子地区散射系数的变化特征,并讨论了气象条件对散射系数的影响.结果表明,散射系数在雾霾天最高608.4 Mm-1,其次为雾天500.6 Mm-1和霾天423.7 Mm-1,是一般天气散射系数的6.4～9.2倍.在各类天...