黄河中上游能源化工区重点产业发展战略土地资源承载力评价

结合黄河中上游能源化工区重点产业发展战略土地资源影响特点,探索了战略环评土地资源承载力评价方法和思路. 以土地资源优势、劣势、机会和威胁(SWOT)分析和主成分分析(PCA)为研究手段,构建了涵括土地资源生态属性、经济属性及社会属性的土地资源综合承载力评价指标体系,研究了重点产业战略实施前后土地资源综合承载力空间变化,深入剖析了重点产业发展战略的环境合理性. 结果表明:黄河中上游能源化工区重点产业战略实施后,能源重化工产业重点布局、大规模发展区域综合土地资源承载力指数较现状降低10%以上,而非重点发展区域土地资源综合承载力有所提升,因此,重点产业发展中必须结合土地资源承载力现状,合理调整产业发展布局.      

大鹏湾环境容量研究Ⅰ:自净能力模拟分析

在估算大鹏湾污染源强及统计海水污染物浓度的基础上,采用三维水动力模型及污染物扩散模型,模拟了大鹏湾的海水交换及污染物扩散过程,分析了大鹏湾海水交换与生化降解对自净能力的贡献.结果表明,大鹏湾潮差小,约为1m,潮流弱,污染物难于向湾外扩散,其物理自净能力差,湾内海水自净主要取决于生化降解.在吐露港海区与沙头角海区,污染排放较大,水深较小,海水难于交换,容易受到污染.     

A herbivore specific grazing capacity model accounting for spatio-temporal environmental variation: A tool for a more sustainable nature conservation and rangeland management

Grazing with livestock is a common feature of nature and rangeland management. Although both aim at different, seemingly opposing goals, i.e. maintenance of biodiversity values versus maximization of animal production, they nonetheless have a common interest in maintaining the rangeland or natural environment in a state that ensures either the first or the second goal. In order to accomplish an effective and efficient grazing management, in terms of grazer density, grazer composition, grazing seasonality, and to prevent under- and overgrazing, a grazing capacity model (GCM) was developed, that should be applicable in both rangeland and nature conservation management conditions and that takes spatio-temporal environmental variation into account. This spatio-temporally dynamic model considers crucial variables at both the terrain and the grazer level, such as (seasonally) fluctuating forage yield, forage quality, plant palatability, accessibility of the area, soil erosion vulnerability, animal nutritive requirements, animal behaviour and general habitat condition. It predicts the optimal grazer species and density, taking into account the seasonal variation in animal needs and fluctuating terrain characteristics. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to define each parameter's relative impact on the final outcome of the model.We present the GCM outline and illustrate the functionality of this model for Shetland ponies and Highland cattle, grazing in a temperate coastal dune environment. According to the model, seasonal fluctuations in optimal grazer densities occur: the area can support higher densities in summer and autumn than it can during winter and spring. With the current density of grazing animals and the choice for year-round grazing at non-fluctuating animal densities, the model consequently predicts overgrazing in winter and undergrazing in summer and autumn. Both undergrazing and overgrazing scenarios might lead to non-sustainable situations in the future.     

生态足迹与生态承载力动态变化研究——以辽宁省为例

利用生态足迹理论和计算方法、生态承载力分析方法分析了辽宁省1998--2007年十年期间的人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力变化过程。结果表明：辽宁省人均生态足迹由1998年的2．9187上升到2007年的4．3578,人均生态承载力由1998年的0．6676下降到2007年的0．6520,生态赤字逐年增加,生态系统处于人类过度开发利用状态之中;万元GDP生态足迹始终处于下降的趋势,表明辽宁省对区域生物生产面积利用效率逐年提高,但与全国平均水平相比还有提高的空间;从供需结构分析,辽宁省土地供给以耕地为主,但是从消费结构来看以化石燃料土地为主。     

市政工程施工地周边颗粒污染物扩散特征

为了解市政施工对周边大气环境的影响,通过测定TSP、PM10、PM2.5、PM1等指标,研究了施工工地附近颗粒污染物随天气条件、气象要素、距施工点距离的变化规律,结果表明：（1）粒径较大的颗粒物质量浓度受气象要素的影响较明显,大风和晴天的ρ（TSP）、ρ（PM10）远高于阴雨天;随风速增大,ρ（TSP）、ρ（PM10）、ρ（PM2.5）显著升高。（2）小粒径颗粒物（PM1）受天气条件的影响不明显,湿度、风速变化对PM1影响较小。（3）距离施工工地越远,4种颗粒物质量浓度越低,其中ρ（TSP）、ρ（PM10）、ρ（PM2.5）随距离下降较快。（4）不同施工阶段颗粒物污质量浓度异较大,挖槽阶段颗粒物污染要高于结构装修阶段。     

广东省南海市农业土壤中铜锌镍的环境容量

南海市是我国经济最发达的县级市之一,工业门类多,布局分散,工业“三废”对土壤环境产生一定影响。研究结果表明,土壤中铜、锌、镍的容量分别为１８５ ．５８ ｋｇ／ｈ ｍ ２ 、２９２ ．８８ ｋｇ／ｈ ｍ ２ 、６３ ．９２ ｋｇ／ｈ ｍ ２ 。丘陵地区容最较大,其次是基塘区,平原地区较小。重金属污染型企业分布密集的地区环境容量较小。土壤环境容量与元素含量和最大允许含量有关。     

分区达标控制法求解海域环境容量

提出可考虑二维扩散的分式标控制法用于求解海域环境容量。引进贡献度系数将二维容量问题定义为线性规划问题,使各类水功能区在达到所对应的环境标准的前提下各排污口污染允许排放量之和最大。并给出了用二维扩散模型计算贡献质系数的方法。     

入侵植物凋落物浸提液对紫色土吸附金霉素的影响

用3种入侵植物的地上(O)和地下(U)凋落物浸提液(Le)对紫色土进行修饰,采用批处理法研究各Le修饰土样对金霉素(CTC)的等温吸附特征,分析pH值、离子强度和温度对CTC吸附的影响。结果表明：各Le修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附等温线最适用于Freundlich模型描述;当pH值为2,离子强度为0.1 mol/L和试验温度40 ℃时,一年蓬(Conyzaannumus)Le修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附效果最佳,最大吸附量为1.68 mmol/kg~7.94 mmol/kg;当Le修饰比例为100%时,OLe和ULe修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附量均达到最大,且OLe修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附效果相比ULe更佳。     

辽河流域控制单元水环境承载力评估研究——以招苏台河铁岭市控制单元为例

新常态下,亟须开展辽河流域水环境承载力评估,以指导流域生态文明建设.针对辽河流域特点,以招苏台河铁岭市控制单元为例,采取目标—准则—指标层级关系框架建立水环境承载力指标体系,并结合主客观赋权综合法对该控制单元水环境承载力进行评估.结果表明,该控制单元水环境承载力指数介于0.1750～0.5302之间,总体呈超载状态.水...     

HYSTAR Sediment Model: Distributed Two‐Dimensional Simulation of Watershed Erosion and Sediment Transport Using Time‐Area Routing

An erosion and sediment transport component incorporated in the HYdrology Simulation using Time‐ARea method (HYSTAR) upland watershed model provides grid‐based prediction of erosion, transport and deposition of sediment in a dynamic, continuous, and fully distributed framework. The model represents the spatiotemporally varied flow in sediment transport simulation by coupling the time‐area routing method and sediment transport capacity approach within a grid‐based spatial data model. This avoids the common, and simplistic, approach of using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to estimate erosion rates with a delivery ratio to relate gross soil erosion to sediment yield of a watershed, while enabling us to simulate two‐dimensional sediment transport processes without the complexity of numerical solution of the partial differential governing equations. In using the time‐area method for routing sediment, the model offers a novel alternative to watershed‐scale sediment transport simulation that provides detailed spatial representation. In predicting four‐year sediment hydrographs of a watershed in Virginia, the model provided good performance with R² of 0.82 and 0.78 and relative error of ?35% and 11% using the Yalin and Yang's sediment transport capacity equations, respectively. Prediction of spatiotemporal variation in sediment transport processes was evaluated using maps of sediment transport rates, concentrations, and erosion and deposition mass, which compare well with expected behavior of flow hydraulics and sediment transport processes.