Modeling of secondary treated wastewater disinfection by UV irradiation: Effects of suspended solids content

This work aimed to study UV-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to propose a formulation of the kinetics of secondary treated wastewater disinfection and to underline the influence of suspended solids on the inactivation kinetics of these strains. Some investigations were carried out for the validation of some simulation models, from the simplest, the kinetics model of Chick-Watson reduced to first order, to rather complex models such as multi-kinetic and Collins-Selleck models. Results revealed that the involved processes of UV irradiation were too complex to be approached by a simplified formulation, even in the case of specific strains of microorganisms and the use of nearly constant UV radiation intensity. In fact, the application of Chick-Watson model in its original form is not representative of the kinetics of UV disinfection. Modification, taking into account the speed change during the disinfection process, has not significantly improved results. On the other hand, the application of Collins-Selleck model demonstrates that it was necessary to exceed a least dose of critical radiation to start the process of inactivation. To better explain the process of inactivation, we have assumed that the action of disinfectant on the survival of lonely microorganisms is faster than its action on suspended solids protected or agglomerated to each others. We can assume in this case the existence of two inactivation kinetics during the processes (parallel and independent) of the first-order. For this reason, the application of a new kinetic model by introducing a third factor reflecting the influence of suspended solids in water on disinfection kinetics appeared to be determinant for modeling UV inactivation of P. aeruginosa in secondary treated wastewater.     

Parameters effect on heterogeneous photocatalysed degradation of phenol in aqueous dispersion of TiO_2

In this study, photocatalytic degradation of phenol selected as model compound of organic pollutant had been investigated in aqueous titanium dioxide (TiO2) dispersion under UV irradiation. The effects of various parameters such as pH, catalyst concentration, phenol concentration, anions, metal ions, electron acceptors, and surfactants on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol were investigated. The degradation kinetics was determined by the change in phenol concentration employing UV-Vis spectrometry as a function of irradiation time. The degradation kinetics of phenol follows pseudo first-order kinetics. The results showed a significant dependence of the photocatalytic degradation of phenol on the functional parameters. The probable promising roles of the additives on the degradation process were discussed.     

Statistical modeling of radiolytic (60Co g) degradation of Ofloxacin,antibiotic: Synergetic effect,kinetic studies & assessment of its degraded metabolites

Linear, interactive and quadratic effects of process parameters were studied. Degradation of Ofloxacin (Ofx) was related with G value of irradiation process. The synergistic effect of H₂O₂ on lower dose of g-irradiation was established. The process follows pseudo first order with dose constant (d = 0.232 kGy^–1). The impact of human activities in the past few decades has paved the way for the release of pollutants due to the improper effluent treatment. Recent studies revealed that, Ofloxacin, an antibiotic as one of the major pollutant affecting surface water and ground water. In this study, the radiolytic potential of Ofloxacin was investigated. The effects of pH, dose and concentration of Ofloxacin were analyzed using One Factor At a Time (OFAT) and the interactive effects between the parameters were studied using Face Centered Central Composite Design. The statistically optimised developed model shows 30% degradation at initial antibiotic concentration of 1mM at pH 3.0 and at 2 kGy dose of gamma ray. The process efficiency was evaluated in terms of G value and its correlation with the concentration of antibiotic was also established. The process of degradation was augmented by the addition of H₂O₂ (1.5 mM). The reaction kinetics for the process was evaluated, the dose rate constant and the rate of degradation for the augmented process was found to be 0.232 kGy^-1 and 0.232 mM/kGy, respectively. The degraded metabolites of the radiolytic degradation of Ofloxacin were analyzed through change in pH, reduction in TOC and GC-MS spectrum.     

大气环境变化对污染土壤中PBDEs自然降解过程的影响研究

以模拟电子垃圾拆解区污染土壤中的多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)为研究对象,采用室内模拟的方法,考察了臭氧浓度的上升及光照条件、温度和土壤pH值等环境因素对土壤中PBDEs自然降解过程的影响.研究结果表明:臭氧浓度的升高能明显促进PBDEs的自然降解,且臭氧浓度越高BDE-209的降解率越高,随着土壤深度增加,BDE-209去除率则相应降低,10 mg·L-1的臭氧在2 h内对深层土壤中BDE-209的去除率可达99%.光照强度为1.0 m W·cm-2的持续紫外光照条件下,土壤中BDE-209的降解现象较为明显,且光降解速率随光强的增强而增大.40℃的夏季地面高温及pH=9.0的弱碱性土壤均有利于PBDEs的自然降解.此外,PBDEs的降解过程是逐步脱溴的过程.PBDEs的降解过程既包括了BDE-209的降解,也包括了中间产物(BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99、BDE-100、BDE-153、BDE-154和BDE-183)的降解.当BDE-209去除率达到一定程度且中间产物逐渐积累达一定量时,中间产物的降解反应逐渐成为主导反应,导致PBDEs总量逐渐降低.     

光照法处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

采用直接光照处理青山垃圾填埋场和流芳垃圾填埋场的渗滤液,结果表明,直接光照处理4h,COD去除率分别为31%和18%,其主要原因在于青山垃圾填埋场中含有较多Fe和Cu等光催化物质及自身的光降解.直接光照对NH3-N和总-N的处理效果不佳.     

某铀矿山废石场及尾砂库氡污染调查

通过对某退役铀矿山的 14个废石堆放场及 3个尾砂库氡析出率的测量及内照射剂量的估算 ,表明 ,只有一个废石场的氡析出率超过国家规定的管理限值水平 ;尾砂库的氡析出率较高 ,个别测点的氡析出率超出管理限值水平近 7倍 ;因氡析出而使当地居民额外所受的年最大有效剂量当量为 0 0 5 8mSv。指出在尾砂库表面覆盖黄土 ,可以有效降低氡析出水平 ,当覆盖厚度达 0 5m时 ,可将氡析出水平降低 84%以上。     

低强度超声波强化污水生物处理中超声辐照周期的优化选择

为了对低强度超声波强化污水生物处理的重要工艺参数———超声辐照周期进行优化,采用城市污水处理厂的好氧活性污泥为试验材料,以好氧呼吸速率(Oxygen Uptake Rate,OUR)和TTC-脱氢酶活性(2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazoliumchloride-dehydrogenase activity,TTC-DHA)为指标,研究了频率35kHz、强度0.3W/cm²的超声波辐照10min后0～48h污泥活性的变化规律,发现超声辐照处理后8h污泥活性达到最大值,24h后超声波的强化作用基本消失.随后分别以8h和24h为超声辐照周期,进行了反复超声辐照处理试验.结果表明,当采用超声辐照周期为8h时,第2次超声辐照后污泥的活性就开始明显下降,3次辐照后污泥的活性下降到对照的一半;当采用超声辐照周期24h时,每次超声辐照后污泥活性依然有所升高,但是随着超声辐照次数增加,其升高的幅度逐渐降低.考虑到设备投资及处理效果稳定性,应采用8h的超声处理周期,每次只处理反应器内一定比例的污泥以避免反复超声引起的污泥活性下降.根据上述现象分析了低强度超声波改善污泥活性的机理.     

A cleaner two-step synthesis of high purity diallyldimethylammonium chloride monomers for flocculant preparation

In order to improve the flocculation efficiency of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride（PDADMAC）, high molecular weight PDADMAC should be prepared from high purity diallyldimethylammonium chloride（DADMAC） monomers. In this paper, a cleaner method with microwave irradiation and alkali solidification was proposed for preparing high pure DADMAC by selective heating under low temperature, and the prepared high purity DADMAC is characterized using FTIR and atomic absorption spectrometry. The new method provides a solution to the key technical problem of PDADMAC synthesis. Comparing with the conventional methods, the results showed that the advantages of the novel synthesis include： （a） high purity DADMAC is improved from 57% to 71% ; （b） reaction time of tertiary amine preparation is shortened from 6 h to 7 min; （c） water instead of acetone was used as reaction medium; （d） toxic by-products, wastewater and waste gas are eliminated. Flocculant made from the synthesized high purity DADMAC monomers was proved more efficient in flocculation tests.     

Photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants in aqueous solution by Bi(4)Nb(x)Ta((1-x))O(8)I

In this work, Bi₄Nb_xTa_(1−x)O₈I photocatalysts have been synthesized by solid state reaction method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and UV-Vis near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of these photocatalysts was evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solutions under visible light, UV light and solar irradiation. The effects of catalyst dosage, initial pH and MO concentration on the removal efficiency were studied, and the photocatalytic reaction kinetics of MO degradation as well. The results indicated that Bi₄Nb_xTa_(1−x)O₈I exhibited high photocatalytic activity for the removal of MO in aqueous solutions. For example, the removal efficiency of MO by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I was as high as 92% within 12 h visible light irradiation under the optimal conditions: initial MO concentration of 5-10 mg L⁻¹, catalyst dosage of 6 g L⁻¹ and natural pH (6-8), the MO molecules could be completely degradated by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I within 40 min under UV light irradiation, and the photodegradation efficiency reaches to 60% after 7 h solar irradiation. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) was also investigated under visible light irradiation. It is found that 99% BPA could be mineralized by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I after 16 h visible light irradiation. Through HPLC/MS, BOD, TOC, UV-Vis measurements, we determined possible degradation products of MO and BPA. The results indicated that MO was degradated into products which are easier to be biodegradable and innocuous treated, and BPA could be mineralized completely. Furthermore, the possibility for the photosensitization effect in the degradation process of MO under visible light irradiation has been excluded.     

Fe-Ni-Si三元合金辐照诱发的Ni-Si团簇形核及生长演变机制

目的探索辐照条件下Ni与Si元素的相互作用对RPV合金中团簇形成演变的影响。方法对PRV合金的三元模型合金Fe-Ni-Si做离子辐照实验,并采用原子探针技术对团簇进行分析,采用纳米压痕技术进行硬度分析。结果纳米压痕的结果表明,材料的硬度随辐照剂量的升高而增大。原子探针结果表明,辐照后材料中产生了Ni-Si溶质团簇,且随着辐照剂量的增加,团簇的数量密度与体积分数都呈现增大趋势。在不同的辐照剂量下,团簇中的Si/Ni不同,随着团簇尺寸的增大,Si/Ni比呈现上升趋势。结论在低剂量时,Ni-Si团簇处于早期独立形核阶段,团簇内的Ni占比较高;高剂量时,Ni-Si团簇的合并生长占主导地位,且主要以大团簇吞并小团簇的方式生长;团簇中Si的质量分数随着团簇的尺寸增加而增大。