胶州湾水质及主要营养盐季节性变化分析

于2010年4个季度对胶州湾水质进行了调查,根据单因子污染指数法,利用计算机软件绘制了水质分区图,分析了胶州湾水质的最新状况及不同季节的水质变化情况,同时对胶州湾主要营养盐无机氮和活性磷酸盐的变化进行了分析。调查结果显示,2010年胶州湾水质定性评价为差,无机氮和活性磷酸盐的平均浓度分别为0.393 mg/L、0.018 mg/L,高值区主要分布在胶州湾东北角,无机氮和活性磷酸盐的平均浓度及空间分布随着季节的变化而呈现了一定的变化。     

化学镀铜废液的处理方法

该发明涉及降解化学镀铜废液中的有机污染物并回收正磷酸盐的一种化学镀铜废液处理方法。通过氧化方法将化学镀铜废液中的有机污染物氧化分解,同时把废液中的次磷酸根和亚磷酸根氧化成正磷酸根,正磷酸根与废液中的铜离子产生化学反     

磷酸盐氧同位素示踪环境中磷的来源与转化:原理、方法与应用

磷是地表环境中重要的生命元素.由于研究手段的限制,目前有关磷生物地球化学循环过程及机制的认识仍然匮乏.作为一种新兴示踪剂,磷酸盐氧同位素(δ18Op)成为当前研究磷生物地球化学循环的潜在有效工具.本文综述了 δ18Op示踪环境中磷来源与循环的基础原理,不同环境介质中δ18Op的分离纯化及测试方法的研究进展,梳理了近年来...     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物对磷的吸附特征

研究了长江中下游浅水湖泊1 1个沉积物对磷的吸附等温线及其吸附动力学,并分析了沉积物理化特征对磷吸附特征的影响,研究发现:①沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附主要在前1 0h内完成,在0.5h内吸附反应十分迅速,并逐渐达到吸附平衡;②沉积物本底吸附态磷与其有机质、CEC、总磷、无机磷、有机磷、Fe/Al 磷和总氮显著正相关;对磷酸盐的最大吸附量与其CEC和无机磷、有机质和总磷呈显著负相关;而总最大吸附磷量与其有机质、CEC、总磷、无机磷、有机磷、Fe/Al 磷和总氮含量呈显著正相关;③就目前长江中下游浅水湖泊的水质而言,其沉积物存在解析;沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附 解吸平衡浓度与其有机质,CEC ,总氮,总磷以及各形态磷含量均有显著的正相关关系.本研究条件下,即使是污染较为严重的湖泊,其沉积物也具有向上覆水体释磷酸盐的趋势.     

排水沟渠炉渣与底泥对水中氮、磷截留效应

通过等温热力学吸附实验,将炉渣、炉渣+30%底泥、排水沟渠底泥对水中氨氮的去除效果进行比较,并采用Langmuir等温吸附方程对3种基质吸附氨氮、磷酸盐的量进行拟合;通过动力学实验,比较3种基质吸附速率.结果表明,炉渣、炉渣+30%底泥、排水沟渠底泥对氨氮的最大吸附量分别为0.49,1.03,1.75mg/g,对磷酸盐的最大吸附量分别为0.99,2.33,1.88mg/g;4h内基质吸附氨氮速率分别为:0.10,0.11,0.54mg/(g·h),2h内基质吸附磷酸盐速率分别为:0.048,0.051,0.096mg/(g·h).由于沟渠底泥较为松散、遇水冲刷易流失,故选择炉渣作为沟渠基质坝的填充物.基质坝能够减缓渠水流速,延长渠水的水力停留时间(HRT).     

软水中富里酸对铜管/磷酸盐体系溶解性铜释放影响

通过静态模拟试验研究了在软水体系中富里酸对铜管/磷酸盐缓蚀行为的影响,结果表明,富里酸含量、软水pH值、停留时间影响磷酸盐对铜管的缓蚀作用;高浓度的富里酸(16mg/L,以TOC计)明显增加溶解性铜释放,且从新铜管释放溶解性铜浓度高于老化6个月和12个月的铜管;在富里酸存在下,pH值较低时显著增加溶解性铜的释放,随着pH值的增大,富里酸对溶解性铜的释放影响降低;在96h的停留过程中,溶解性铜的释放浓度不断发生变化,表明富里酸与铜离子形成的络合物影响磷酸与铜的相互作用,从而影响磷酸盐对铜管的缓蚀效果.     

Adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide

Sodium pyrophosphate （pyro-P, Na4P2OT）, sodium tripolyphosphate （tripoly-P, Na3P3O10）, and sodium hexametaphosphate （meta-P, （NaPO3）6） were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages： （1） fast adsorption within 1 h; and （2） slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts.     

过量施用含DMPP氮肥对小白菜硝酸盐累积的影响

采用田间试验对过量施用含硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)氮肥对小白菜硝酸盐累积及营养品质的影响作了研究.结果表明,与尿素(urea)、硫硝铵(ASN)相比,DMPP与硫硝铵、尿素配合形成的新型氮肥(ASN+DMPP, urea+DMPP)均可显著降低小白菜硝酸盐累积,提高Vc、氨基酸、可溶性糖和Zn含量,改善品质,ASN+DMPP作用更为明显.与ASN、urea相比,ASN+DMPP处理小白菜NO3--N含量分别降低16.0%和14.1%,均达到了显著性水平;urea+DMPP与urea、ASN相比,小白菜NO3--N含量分别降低7.9%和7.6%,均达到了显著性水平.urea+DMPP、ASN+DMPP明显减少茎叶、特别是茎中硝酸盐积累,抑制幅度以ASN+DMPP较大.此外,ASN+DMPP还可缓解因氮肥过多引起的减产效应.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.     

海泡石和磷酸盐对镉铅污染稻田土壤的钝化修复效应与机理研究

采用盆栽实验,研究了海泡石、酸改性海泡石以及二者与磷酸盐联合使用对镉铅复合污染稻田土壤的钝化修复效果,并通过培养实验和重金属形态分析探讨了不同钝化剂处理的作用机理。结果表明：添加海泡石可以显著提高污染土壤pH值,而磷酸盐和改性海泡石则对土壤pH值无显著影响。钝化处理能显著降低土壤TCLP提取态Cd、Pb的质量分数,最大降低率分别可达23.3%和47.2%,钝化剂复配处理对土壤TCLP提取态重金属的抑制效果优于单一处理。施用海泡石和磷酸盐,通过提高土壤pH值、物理化学吸附以及生成矿物沉淀等作用,可以促进污染土壤中的Cd、Pb由活性高的交换态向活性低的残渣态转化,从而显著降低Cd、Pb的生物有效性和迁移能力。添加钝化剂可以显著提高水稻各部位的产量,稻谷和稻草的最大增产率分别为34.3%和26.6%;钝化剂复配处理对水稻的增产作用明显优于单一处理。施用钝化剂可以显著降低水稻各部位的Cd、Pb质量分数,最大可使精米的Cd、Pb质量分数分别降低35.8%和40.9%,钝化剂复配处理对水稻吸收Cd、Pb的抑制作用明显优于单一处理,海泡石和磷酸盐复配处理中精米的Cd、Pb质量分数符合国家食品卫生标准要求。综合分析不同钝化处理的增产作用、降低作物Cd、Pb吸收以及土壤Cd、Pb可迁移性的作用可知,海泡石与磷酸盐复配处理对稻田土壤Cd、Pb复合污染的钝化修复效果最佳。