Efficient dechlorination of chlorinated solvent pollutants under UV irradiation by using the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets in aqueous phase

Titanium dioxide(TiO2), which is the widely used photo-catalyst, has been synthesized by simple hydrothermal solution containing tetrabutyl titanate and hydrofluoric acid. The synthesized product has been applied to photo-degradation in aqueous phase of chlorinated solvents, namely tetrachloroethene(PCE), trichloroethene(TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane(TCA). The photo-degradation results revealed that the degradation of these harmful chemicals was better in UV/synthesized TiO2 system compared to UV/commercial P25 system and UV only system. The photo-catalytic efficiency of the synthesized TiO2 was 1.4, 1.8 and 3.0 folds higher compared to the commercial P25 for TCA, TCE and PCE degradation, respectively. Moreover, using nitrobenzene(NB) as a probe of hydroxyl radical(.OH), the degradation rate was better over UV/synthesized TiO2, suggesting the high concentration of.OH generated in UV/synthesized TiO2system. In addition,.OH concentration was confirmed by the strong peak displayed in EPR analysis over UV/synthesized TiO2system. The characterization result using XRD and TEM showed that the synthesized TiO2 was in anatase form and consisted of well-defined sheet-shaped structures having a rectangular outline with a thickness of 4 nm, side length of 50 nm and width of 33 nm and a surface 90.3 m2/g. XPS analysis revealed that ≡Ti-F bond was formed on the surface of the synthesized TiO2. The above results on both photocatalytic activity and the surface analysis demonstrated the good applicability of the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets for the remediation of chlorinated solvent contaminated groundwater.     

Dyes adsorption using a synthetic carboxymethyl cellulose-acrylic acid adsorbent

Removal of noxious dyes is gaining public and technological attention. Herein grafting polymerization was employed to produce a novel adsorbent using acrylic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose for dye removal. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy verified the adsorbent formed under optimized reaction conditions. The removal ratio of adsorbent to Methyl Orange, Disperse Blue 2BLN and malachite green chloride reached to 84.2%, 79.6% and 99.9%, respectively. The greater agreement between the calculated and experimental results suggested that pseudo second-order kinetic model better represents the kinetic adsorption data. Equilibrium adsorptions of dyes were better explained by the Temkin isotherm. The results implied that this new cellulose-based absorbent had the universaiity for removal of dyes through the chemical adsorption mechanism.     

Effect of a high strength chemical industry wastewater on microbial community dynamics and mesophilic methane generation

A high strength chemical industry wastewater was assessed for its impact on anaerobic microbial com- munity dynamics and consequently mesophilic methane generation. Cumulative methane production was 251 mL/g total chemical oxygen demand removed at standard temperature and pressure at the end of 30 days experimental period with a highest recorded methane percentage of 80.6% of total biogas volume. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） analysis revealed that acetic acid was the major intermediate VFAs produced with propionic acid accumulating over the experimental period. Quantitative analysis of microbial communities in the test and control groups with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction highlighted that in the test group, Eubacteria （96.3%） was dominant in comparison with methanogens （3.7%）. The latter were dominated by Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales while in test groups increased over the experimental period, reaching a maximum on day 30. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile was performed, targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Eubacteria and Archaea, with the DNA samples extracted at 3 different time points from the test groups. A phylogenetic tree was constructed for the sequences using the neighborhood joining method. The analysis revealed that the presence of organisms resembling Syntrophomonadaceae could have contributed to increased production of acetic and propionic acid intermediates while decrease of organisms resembling Pelotomaculum sp. could have most likely contributed to accumulation of propionic acid. This study suggested that the degradation of organic components within the high strength industrial wastewater is closely linked with the activity of certain niche microbial communities within eubacteria and methanogens.     

新型IC反应器在山梨醇废水处理中的工程应用

将布水装置优化后的新型内循环(IC)反应器应用于某山梨醇生产企业实际废水的二级厌氧生化处理,获得了较好的处理效果。调试阶段的结果表明:经过IC反应器的处理后,废水COD浓度由处理前的2 374~4 967 mg/L降至301~823 mg/L,COD去除率达81.4%~91.2%,COD容积负荷达8.1~13.7 kg/(m3·d);总体来说,当水力负荷增大时,COD容积负荷也相应增大;IC反应器的出水挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)基本控制在200 mg/L以下;厌氧出水再依次经过接触氧化池和絮凝沉淀池等配套工艺的处理后,COD降至80 mg/L以下,实现达标排放。     

气相色谱法测定废水中6种挥发性脂肪酸含量

挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)是厌氧消化过程的重要中间产物,在反应器运行中,出水VFA用作重要的控制指标。通过色谱条件探索将各种脂肪酸分离,同时研究了水样酸碱度,吸附等对测定的影响,进一步优化了废水中挥发性脂肪酸的测定。方法的检出限在0.99~1.77 mg/L,回收率在90.9%~102.7%之间,相对标准差(n=5)在1.3%~3.8%之间。     

石墨烯基磁性复合材料吸附水中亚甲基蓝的研究

建立了一种超声辅助共沉淀法制备磁性Fe3O4/氧化石墨烯(Fe3O4/GO)纳米粒子.透射电镜和磁滞回线研究表明,该复合物具有小的颗粒尺寸和超顺磁性.该磁性纳米材料可以吸附废水中的染料亚甲基蓝,实验研究了溶液pH值、吸附剂的用量、时间和温度对亚甲基蓝去除率的影响.结果表明,pH值在6~9范围内,Fe3O4/GO都能高效地吸附亚甲基蓝.反应过程在前25 min反应速率很快,到180 min内达到吸附平衡.该磁性纳米材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型和准二级动力学方程,吸附过程是一个自发和吸热过程.该吸附材料对亚甲基蓝吸附容量高,在313 K时Fe3O4/GO的饱和吸附量为196.5 mg·g-1.另外,可以方便地通过外部磁场分离回收吸附剂,利用过氧化氢可以再生重复使用,是一种优良的吸附染料废水的材料.     

麦秸及其烟尘中正构脂肪酸的组成

在不同燃烧条件下对6种麦草进行焚烧,并利用GC/MS对麦秸和烟尘中的正构脂肪酸进行了测定.结果表明,烟尘中含有碳数C8~C32的正构脂肪酸.在明火烟尘中,正构脂肪酸总含量分布于1 509.3~10 543.7 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为5 871.2mg·kg-1.其轻(C8~C16)、重(C17~C32)正构脂肪酸含量之比(L/H)为0.8~5.3,平均值为2.8;C14/C16、C28/C16、C30/C16等比值的平均值分别为16.5%、14.1%、11.4%.正构脂肪酸呈双峰式分布,其主峰碳数是C16,次峰碳数是C28或C30,且具有显著的偶碳数优势.其碳优势指数(CPI)和平均碳链长度(ACL)的平均值分别为19.8和18.2.在闷烧烟尘中,正构脂肪酸的总含量为5 799.3~37 244 mg·kg-1,平均值为15 838.6 mg·kg-1.其L/H值介于1.2~5.6之间,平均为4.2;C14/C16、C28/C16、C30/C16的平均值分别为12.7%、10.1%、6.0%.闷烧烟尘中正构脂肪酸的分布模式与明火烟尘的类似,其CPI和ACL的平均值分别为24.7和17.7.总之,虽然两类烟尘和麦秸中的正构脂肪酸均具有类似的分布模式和偶碳数优势,但三者在组成上仍然存在明显的差别.这有助于识别大气气溶胶中麦秸及其燃烧排放的正构脂肪酸.     

不同碳源在污水处理过程中的变化规律研究

通过对A2/O污水处理工艺长期的分析监测,探明了城市污水处理厂原水中有机物不同生物降解性及碳源赋存形态比例.原水中大部分有机物以颗粒态存在,占进水有机物的61%.原水中快速、慢速、难生物降解有机物比例分别为15.8%、54.2%和30%,快速生物降解有机物主要以溶解态存在,慢速生物降解有机物则主要以颗粒态存在.通过快速、慢速生物降解有机物的沿程监测分析,明确了两种碳源在污水处理过程中的变化规律,厌氧池与缺氧池内均存在微生物水解发酵引起的慢速生物降解有机物的转化作用,其中厌氧反应池的转化效率最高.分析计算了污水处理过程中不同碳源的转化,明确了快慢速有机物在各单元的转化和利用情况,结果指出,2 h内慢速生物降解有机物在厌氧池与好氧池转化率分别为33%和20%.从脂肪酸的种类及含量来说,厌氧池与缺氧池的脂肪酸的种类及含量均高于原水.     

有机无机缓释复合肥对不同土壤微生物群落结构的影响

缓控释肥料作为一类新型肥料已成为近年来的研究热点,但对土壤微生物群落多样性影响规律的研究甚少.研究采用磷脂脂肪酸法分析缓释复合肥(SRF)、化肥(CF)和普通复合肥(CCF)分别施入酸性土和微碱性土恒温培养10、30、60和90d后的微生物群落结构多样性.结果表明,缓释复合肥等肥料施入2种土壤恒温培养(10~90 d)后检测到多种细菌(13:0,i14:0,14:0,i15:0,a15:0,i16:0,16:12OH,16:1w5c,16:0,i17:0,a17:0,cy17:0,17:02OH,i18:0,18:0,cy19:0w8c),2种放线菌(10Me17:0和10Me18:0)和1种真菌(18:1w9c).SRF在酸性土壤培养前期(10 d和30 d)较CF显著增加真菌PLFA含量8.3%和6.8%,在培养后期(60 d和90 d)较CCF显著增加真菌PLFA含量22.7%和17.1%;SRF较CF和CCF显著增加微碱性土壤在整个恒温培养期(30 d除外)土壤细菌、真菌和革兰氏阳性菌PLFA含量.酸性土壤培养30 d和90 d时一般饱和脂肪酸/单烯不饱和脂肪酸PLFA值以SRF显著高于不施肥(CK)、CF和CCF,而在微碱性土壤上SRF仅在恒温培养60d时显著高于CK、CF和CCF;SRF较CCF显著降低酸性土壤(30~90 d)和微碱性土壤(10~60 d)异构PLFA/反异构PLFA值.从2种土壤PLFA种类、含量以及相对丰度等可知缓释复合肥较化肥和普通复合肥提高了土壤微生物PLFA种类和含量以及减弱对微生物生存环境的胁迫,缓释复合肥在2种土壤中尤其对酸性土的作用明显.通过研究缓释复合肥对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响,以期为农业生产上广泛施用缓释复合肥提供科学依据.     

岩溶地下河水中多环芳烃、脂肪酸分布特征及来源分析

为探究重庆青木关岩溶地下河水中多环芳烃(PAHs)和脂肪酸的含量组成、分布特征、来源及污染水平,2013年雨季和旱季分别于地下河中进行水样采集,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对水样中PAHs和脂肪酸的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,青木关地下河水中PAHs和脂肪酸的含量范围分别为77.3~702 ng·L~(-1)和3 302~45 254 ng·L~(-1).组成上,PAHs以2~3环为主,其比例高于90%,脂肪酸碳数范围为C10~C28,以饱和直链脂肪酸为主,其次为单不饱和脂肪酸.分布特征上,雨季:地下河水中各采样点PAHs的含量差异较小,脂肪酸的含量在入口、出露处和出口呈现依次降低的趋势,其中出露处和出口脂肪酸的含量较为接近;旱季:地下河水中PAHs含量在入口、出露处和出口呈现先降后升的趋势,脂肪酸含量在各采样点较为接近.总体上,地下河水中PAHs和脂肪酸的含量都表现为雨季显著高于旱季.来源分析表明,青木关地下河水中PAHs主要来源于该河流域煤和木材、农作物秸秆等生物质的燃烧;脂肪酸主要来自该河流域内硅藻、绿藻等水生藻类和细菌,其中以水生藻类的贡献占主导.地下河水受到PAHs中轻度污染,相对于旱季,雨季污染更严重.