Relation of lead adsorption on birnessites with different average oxidation states of manganese and release of Mn^2＋/H^＋/K^＋

The characteristics of Pb2+ adsorption on the surface of birnessites with different average oxidation states (AOS) of Mn, synthesized under acidic and alkali conditions, were investigated. The results indicated that the amount of adsorbed Pb2+ increased with the increase of Mn AOS in birnessites. The amount of Pb2+ adsorbed positively correlated with the amount of released Mn2+, H+, and K+ (r = 0.9962 > 0.6614, n = 14, α = 0.01). The released Mn2+, H+, and K+ were derived mostly from the corresponding catio...     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.     

Adverse effects of metal exposure on chemotaxis towards water-solubleattractants regulated mainly by ASE sensory neuronin nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Chemotaxis to water-soluble attractants is mainly controlled by ASE sensory neuron whose specification is regulated by che-1 inCaenorhabditis elegans. Our data suggested that exposure to high concentrations of metals, such as Pb, Cu, Ag, and Cr, would resultin severe defects of chemotaxis to water-soluble attractants of NaCl, cAMP, and biotin. Moreover, the morphology of ASE neuronstructures as observed by relative fluorescent intensities and relative size of fluorescent puncta of cell bodies, relative lengths of sensoryendings in ASE neurons, and the expression patterns of che-1 were obviously altered in metal exposed animals when they meanwhileexhibited obvious chemotaxis defects to water-soluble attractants. In addition, the dendrite morphology could be noticeably changedin animals exposed to 150 mol/L of Pb, Cu, and Ag. Furthermore, we observed significant decreases of chemotaxis to water-solubleattractants in Pb exposed che-1 mutant at concentrations more than 2.5 mol/L, and in Cu, Ag, and Cr exposed che-1 mutant atconcentrations more than 50 mol/L. Therefore, impairment of the ASE neuron structures and functions may largely contribute to theappearance of chemotaxis defects to water-soluble attractants in metal exposed nematodes.     

酚类化合物气相色谱保留指数的定量结构相关性研究

应用偏最小二乘回归技术建立了102种酚类化合物气相色谱保留指数与分子全息结构间的相关模型,在最佳建模条件下得到非交叉验证相关系数(r2)为0.965,交叉验证相关系数(q_LOO2)为0.963. 从102种酚类化合物中随机选出68种作为训练集,其余作为测试集,来验证分子全息QSRR模型的预测能力和稳健性. 在最佳建模条件对训练集进行偏最小二乘回归分析,r2为0.967,q_LOO2为0.927. 用训练集数据所建立的QSRR模型预测测试集中酚类化合物的色谱保留指数,结果表明,基于训练集所建立的QSRR模型具有很高的预测能力和稳健性,可以对测试集酚类化合物的气相色谱保留指数进行很好的预测. 此外,利用最佳全息定量结构保留关系(HQSRR)模型的色码图,探讨酚类化合物中的不同侧链基团对其色谱保留性质的影响,及其在固定相上的色谱保留机理.      

凹凸棒石/γ-Fe2O3/碳纳米复合材料的制备及其对苯酚的吸附作用

为获得同时具有有机亲和性和磁分离特性的吸附材料,以凹凸棒石黏土和废活性白土为原材料,通过铁盐水解共沉淀和在氢气气氛下程序升温煅烧的方法,制备廉价的凹凸棒石γ-Fe2O3/碳纳米复合材料.运用磁化率分析,红外吸收光谱,透射电镜,X射线衍射分析和碳含量分析对其进行了表征,并研究了复合材料吸附去除水中苯酚的动力学、吸附试验中pH的影响及同等条件下与其他吸附材料吸附性能的对比.结果表明,复合材料的磁化率值为2 769×10-8m3/kg,用磁分离工序即可把该吸附材料从溶液中快速分离出来;铁的磁性氧化物以γ-Fe2O3的形态负载到凹凸棒石表面,颗粒直径为10～60nm;碳以无定形的形态负载在凹凸棒石晶体表面;复合材料中的ω(碳)为7.4%,材料中出现了有机官能团-CH3和-CH2-.对苯酚的吸附试验表明,复合材料对苯酚的去除率是凹凸棒石原矿的3倍.     

零价铁修复1,3-二氯苯污染底泥

通过序批试验研究了零价铁修复对底泥中1,3-二氯苯的去除效果,分析了零价铁修复过程中pH和铁离子质量浓度以及修复后底泥土壤酶的恢复情况. 结果表明:添加占底泥干质量2%的还原铁粉,1,3-二氯苯的去除率可达72.3%〔初始w(1,3-二氯苯)为500 　mg/kg,培养时间为20 d〕,较未添加零价铁修复处理高52.0%. 零价铁有效地促进了底泥中1,3-二氯苯的去除,土著微生物在自然恢复中起一定的作用. 在修复过程中零价铁并未使底泥pH发生明显变化,底泥水体中的总铁质量浓度(低于0.3 mg/L)始终符合地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002). 1,3-二氯苯污染使底泥过氧化氢酶、转化酶和蛋白酶的酶活性显著降低,使脲酶的酶活性显著升高. 零价铁修复使1,3-二氯苯抑制的底泥过氧化氢酶的酶活性恢复到未污染对照水平.      

新农药HW-02在土壤中的吸附

采用振荡平衡法研究了新型除草剂HW-02在5种不同土壤中的吸附特性. 结果表明:土壤对HW-02的吸附性强;HW-02在黑钙土、白浆土、草甸土、砂性土和黏壤土等5种土壤中的吸附可用Freundlich等温式较好地描述,其吸附系数(K_F)分别为332.65,103.32,672.97,577.96和289.60,吸附自由能变绝对值(ΔG)分别为16.55,22.73,18.32,18.48和22.86 kJ/mol,说明HW-02在土壤中的吸附以物理吸附为主;HW-02在5种土壤中的有机质吸附常数(K_OM)为796.57～10 197.18,说明其在土壤中迁移性很弱. HW-02在土壤中的吸附系数与土壤w(有机质),pH和w(黏粒)相关性较好,而与阳离子交换量(CEC)的相关性差,说明土壤w(有机质),w(黏粒)和pH是影响HW-02在土壤中吸附的主要因素.      

N,N-二甲基乙酰胺在水体泥沙中的吸附及光解特性

实验室模拟条件下研究了泥沙对N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)的吸附和光解特性以及影响因素. 结果表明:DMAC在泥沙中的吸附同时符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型. 不同紫外光照强度下,DMAC的光解反应半衰期均大于8 h. DMAC的光解率随光照强度的增大而增大;在ρ(DMAC)较低范围(<20 mg/L)内,同一紫外光照强度下,初始ρ(DMAC)越高光解速率越快;在pH为6～9的自然环境中,初始pH越高越有利于DMAC的光解;当水体中含有腐殖酸时,DMAC的光解率显著降低.      

邻苯二甲酸酯在黄河沉积物上的吸附特性

文章利用反相高效液相色谱技术研究了黄河兰州段沉积物对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的吸附动力学,以及DMP、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸正二丙酯(DnPrP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)在沉积物上共存的等温吸附行为,探讨了助溶剂甲醇、离子强度等对吸附的影响。结果表明,在一定的浓度范围内,DMP在沉积物上的吸附速率先快后慢;DMP、DEP在沉积物上的等温吸附行为符合线性方程,而DnPrP、DBP的吸附等温线以Freundlich方程拟合最佳;沉积物对DMP的吸附容量还随着离子强度和溶液中甲醇百分比含量的增大而降低。     

取代芳烃对呆鲦鱼急性毒性的QSAR研究

应用密度泛函方法(DFT)在B3LYP/6-311G**水平上全优化计算25个取代芳烃的量子化学参数,结合疏水性参数与化合物对呆鲦鱼的急性毒性进行定量构效关系研究(QSAR)。经逐步回归筛选变量后,所建多元线性回归方程的相关系数R及去一法交互检验复相关系数R2cv分别为0.967和0.907。用预测集样本进行了外部预测,所得外部预测样本复相关系数R2ext和外部预测集交互检验Q2ext分别为0.881和0.836。模型结果显示:分子疏水性参数logP较大时具有较大的脂溶性,化合物的毒性较大;取代基的吸电子能力越强,苯环的正电性越大,化合物的毒性越大。