锌铜胁迫对Bacillus vallismortis EPS组分变化特征及其吸附性能的影响

近年来,微生物胞外聚合物(EPS)在吸附重金属方面的潜能引起了人们的广泛关注,但关于重金属对微生物及其EPS特性的影响鲜有报道.Bacillus vallismortis对锌铜矿捕收剂苯胺黑药具有良好的降解能力.为了解重金属对菌株的胁迫影响,探讨二者之间的相互作用,研究了Zn(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)胁迫对菌株EPS产量、组分变化特征及其吸附性能的影响.结果表明,在Zn(Ⅱ)胁迫下,菌株培养至稳定期产生的EPS最多,当Zn(Ⅱ)为12 mg·L~(-1)时EPS产量翻倍,达到100.84 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计),Zn(Ⅱ)能刺激菌株产生更多富含—COOH和—OH的胞外多糖;菌株在Cu(Ⅱ)胁迫下需培养至对数期产生的EPS最多,在Cu(Ⅱ)为6 mg·L~(-1)情况下EPS产量最高为60.65 mg·g-1(以VSS计),Cu(Ⅱ)的胁迫作用提高了菌株EPS中富含N—H和C—N的蛋白质含量;吸附实验结果表明,2种金属能通过胁迫菌株产生特异性EPS,为金属离子提供大量适用性结合点位,显著提高对重金属的去除能力.研究结果对应用生物法处理同时含有重金属和有机物的复合型选矿废水具有一定的指导意义.     

膜污染层微生物与聚丙烯微滤膜间的界面作用及其吸附特征

采用热力学方法及界面吸附理论,对2株膜污染层微生物(Aeromonas veronii M4、Aeromonas caviae N25)与聚丙烯(PP)微滤膜间的界面作用及吸附特征进行研究.结果表明,Aeromonas veronii M4与PP膜表面均表现出明显的疏水性特征,而Aeromonas caviae N25则呈现亲水性特征,并且A.veronii M4的运动性能也要高于A.caviae N25;另外,2株细菌及PP膜的表面均带有负电荷,表现出明显的电子供体特征,而Lewis酸碱分量U_(mlb)~(AB)则在2株细菌与PP膜的界面作用能中占据着主导地位;依据XDLVO理论,A.caviae N25及A.veronii M4与PP膜之间的总界面作用能均为负值,表明二者在膜上的吸附是一个主动吸附过程,而A.veronii M4-PP膜之间的界面作用能负值最大,说明A.veronii M4具有较高的吸附能力;静态吸附结果则表明,A.veronii M4在PP膜上的吸附量要明显高于A.caviae N25,而2株菌在膜上的吸附行为可由准二级动力学模型进行描述.     

波流式生态滤床氨氮去除效果及其微生物群落结构分析

利用波流式生态滤床处理受污染的河水,考察了其对氨氮的去除效果和沿程污染物转化情况,并采用扫描电镜、高通量测序手段解析了波流式生态滤床不同时间和位置基质上生物膜的细菌群落组成,分析了波流式生态滤床小试反应器中硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的分布特点,以探讨其去除氨氮的机理.结果表明,反应器稳定运行以后,对氨氮平均去除率为74.83%,基质表面可以观察到大量微生物,不同时期优势细菌有较大不同.反应器前部主要发挥硝化作用,中部发挥反硝化作用,硝化菌的分布呈现上多下少、前多后少的特点,使得氨氮在前端被快速去除;中部以黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)为代表的反硝化菌丰度较高,促进了反硝化作用的发挥,降低了出水中总氮浓度;不同部位样品中细菌多样性差别不大,微生物种群多样性随着水流方向呈现先增加,到后段减少的趋势.     

排污许可证制度建立、进展及面临问题

排污许可证制度的目标是成为固定污染源监管制度体系的核心,构建“一证式”管理模式,对固定污染源实现管理内容全要素、管理时段全周期、管理数据全联动的全面监管。本文阐述了我国排污许可证制度的建立过程,并概述当前我国排污许可证制度进展状况和面临的部分问题,对排污许可证制度改革进行了展望。     

中国式现代化视域下人与自然和谐共生实现路径研究

我国已经从高速发展阶段进入高质量发展阶段,如何处理好经济发展与环境保护的关系已成为现代化过程中急需解决的重要问题。党的二十大报告指出要走“人与自然和谐共生”的现代化,这是中国式现代化对经济与环境问题做出的回答,而要实现这个目标就要在秉承可持续发展理念的同时以法治建设为现代化保驾护航,以多元共治模式解决好生态治理难题。中国式现代化对如何实现人与自然和谐共生的探索,为其他广大发展中国家提供了新路径,开辟了符合时代潮流的人类文明新形态。     

繁茂膜海绵滤食养殖水体中过剩饵料的研究

繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perleve)可滤食养殖水体中的残饵。对活体饵料新月菱形藻(Natzchia closterum),在无营养盐条件,5 g鲜重海绵处理300 mL,藻数量为1.62×106/mL的藻液240 h后,处理组藻的平均浓度仅为对照组的2.9%,为初始浓度的17.2%;在有营养盐条件,5g鲜重海绵处理300 mL,藻数量为0.87×106mL-1的藻液220 h后,对照组的藻仍处于指数生长期,此时处理组藻的平均浓度仅为对照组的0.05%,为初始浓度的64.4%。对死体海参饵料—藻粉和鱼粉蛋白等,由于海绵的滤食作用,海水中颗粒物的浓度随时间增加而呈指数曲线降低。1.5 g鲜重海绵处理200 mL,含200 mg/L海参饵料的海水,在第4d时,海绵已滤食72.6%的颗粒物,有机颗粒物的最大比截留速率为21.6×10-3/d.L。同时,海绵的生物量明显增加。     

Characteristics of sewage sludge and distribution of heavy metal in plants with amendment of sewage sludge

In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals and organic pollutants were investigated in three different sewage sludges in Shanghai City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Cd in all of sewage sludge and total concentrations of Zn in Jinshan sewage sludge, as well as those ofZn, Cu, and Ni in Taopu sludge are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used in agriculture. Leachability of rig in all of studied samples and that of Cd in Taopu sewage sludge exceed the limit values of waste solid extraction standard in China legislation. Based on the characteristics for three kinds of sewage sludge, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil amended with Quyang sewage sludge on the accumulation of heavy metalo.by Begonia semperfloreas-hybr; Ophiopogon japonicas （L.F.） Ker-Gaw; Loropetalum chindense-var, rubrum; Dendranthema morifolium; Viola tricolor; A ntirrhinum majas; Buxas radicans Sieb; Viburnum macrocephalum; Osmanthas fragrans Lour; Cinnamomum camphora siebold and Ligustrum lucidum ait. Results showed that 8 species of plant survived in the amended soil, and moreover they flourished as well as those cultivated in the control soil. The heavy metal concentration in plants varied with species, As, Pb, Cd and Cr concentration being the highest in the four herbaceous species studied, particularly in the roots of D. morifolium. These plants, however, did not show accumulator of As, Pb, Cd and Cr. The highest concentration of Ni and Hg was found in the roots ofD. morifolium, followed by the leaves ofB. semperflorens-hybr. Levels of Zn and Cu were much higher in D. morifolium than in the other plant species. D. morifolium accumulated Ni, Hg, Cu and Zn, which may contribute to the decrease of heavy metal contents in the amended soil. Treatment with sewage sludge did not significantly affect the uptake of heavy metals by the L. chindense-var, rubrum, however, it significantly affected the uptake of heavy metals by D. morifolium.     

Effects of cyclodextrins on hydrolysis of malathion

Cyclodextrins （CDs）, with hydrophobic interior cavity and hydrophilic external surface, are capable of accelerating or inhibiting chemical degradation of organophosphorus pesticides through forming inclusion complexes between CDs and pesticides. This work evaluated the effects of CDs on hydrolysis of malathion in an attempt to assess their potential application in environmental approach. β-CD and its two derivatives, randomly methylated β-CD （RAMEB） and hydroxypropyl β-CD （HP-β-CD）, were tested. It was found that RAMEB could inhibit the hydrolysis of malathion, and this was the function of pH and temperature, the inhibitory effects increase with increasing concentration of RAMEB and elevating temperature between 15 and 35℃. On the other hand, β-CD and HP-β-CD have little or no stabilizing effects on malathion at all pH and temperature studied, except that the large concentration of β-CD and HP- β-CD can mildly reduce hydrolysis of malathion. Both 2 mol/L and 5 mol/L urea increase the inhibitory effects of RAMEB on hydrolysis of malathion at 25℃, oH 9.0.     

分离岛式地铁站可用安全疏散时间计算与比较分析*

为研究大客流地铁车站风险因素,提出车站疏散能力分析的基本要素,结合某分离岛式地下车站,采用规范计算及精细网格模型对可用安全疏散时间进行计算与比较分析。结果表明:楼扶梯的通过效率、车站结构形式、疏散人员的数量及分布情况等因素对仿真模拟的结果产生影响;《地铁安全疏散规范》（GB/T 33668—2017）综合考虑了疏散至楼扶梯入口时间、楼扶梯上平均滞留时间及通道非均匀性偏差时间等,与仿真模拟结果的吻合度较高。研究结果可为国内类似车站的安全疏散设计及运营疏散组织提供参考。     

光伏组件可调节式夹具设计及试验研究

机械载荷试验作为考查光伏组件可靠性的重要手段之一,新版IEC标准中对于该项测试的要求也变得更加细致。本文介绍了一种光伏组件机械载荷测试的可调节式安装夹具设计,并根据标准IEC 61215-2:2016中静态机械载荷试验的要求,利用该夹具测试了两块不同版型的光伏组件。本设计夹具表现出良好的普适性与测试可靠性,测试结果表明破损程度直接导致光伏组件发电性能的降低,而其内在原因可能在于内部电阻的变化。