γ-辐照降解微囊藻毒素的研究

γ-辐照对水中微囊藻毒素(微囊藻毒素-LR和微囊藻毒素-RR)具有较好的去除效果,实验室培养样品中微囊藻毒素-LR在8 kGy辐照剂量下降解率达到98.8%,而微囊藻毒素-RR在5 kGy辐照剂量下就达到100%的降解率.对太湖水样进行γ-辐照,其中微囊藻毒素得到有效降解,降解后其浓度远低于国家规定标准.γ-辐照对微囊藻毒素的降解可以通过一级动力学进行描述.     

酸性条件下H+ - Cu2+在红壤表面反应的能量特征

研究了酸性条件下H -Cu2 在红壤表面反应动力学的能量特征,结果表明:酸性条件下Cu2 的吸附分为快反应和慢反应两个阶段.用一级动力学方程拟合,Cu2 的最大吸附量随酸度的增加而显著下降,随温度的升高提前达到平衡.用双常数方程描述Cu2 在吸附点位能量分布的不均匀性,用扩散速率常数b计算,活化能(Eb*)随酸度的增加而增加,Cu2 扩散需要克服的能障变大;ΔH*值为正,温度升高可促进Cu2 的扩散;ΔS*均为负值,表明吸附反应使体系的有序度增加.原液pH值为3.8和3.3时,流出液的pH值高于原液,这是由于土壤的缓冲作用、土壤表面质子化和硫酸根专性吸附释放的羟基中和;反应初期H 消耗是快反应过程,反应后期H 对矿物的溶蚀为速率控制步骤.     

电解Fenton法处理生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的动力学研究

采用三元电极,对垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的生化-混凝出水进行了电解Fenton法处理COD反应动力学研究.结果表明:电解Fenton反应的COD降解曲线符合拟三级反应动力学,t时间的COD出水浓度可表示为:c_t=(2kt+c₀^-2)^-0.5.通过对不同工艺条件下电解Fenton法对渗滤液的COD降解曲线的统计分析,得出以电流密度、pH值、进水COD浓度为影响因子的k值经验模型.并将动力学模拟的COD出水值与实际运行的测量值进行比较,认为该模型可以较好地模拟电解Fenton法进行垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液后续处理的效果.     

基于SD模型的跑道侵入风控网络脆弱性分析

为量化评估跑道侵入风险水平,分析核心致因要素在风控网络中的脆弱性特征,首先根据跑道侵入案例及专家经验,系统识别跑道侵入风险致因,利用灰色关联理论分析影响致因关联度,确定核心控制要素;然后分析各要素间相互作用机制,建立系统动力学(SD)模型,引入贝叶斯网络和综合权重确定方法设计SD方程;最后脆弱性仿真与分析跑道侵入风控网...     

Dynamic phosphorus budget for lake-watershed ecosystems

Lake eutrophication caused by excess phosphorus （P） loading from point sources （PS） and nonpoint sources （NPS） is a persistent and serious ecological problem in China. A phosphorus budget, based on material flow analysis（MFA） and system dynamic （SD）, is proposed and applied for the agriculture-dominated Qionghai Lake watershed located in southwestern China. The MFA-SD approach will not only cover the transporting process of P in the lake-watershed ecosystems, but also can deal with the changes of P budget due to the dynamics of watershed. P inflows include the fertilizer for agricultural croplands, soil losses, domestic sewage discharges, and the atmospheric disposition such as precipitation and dust sinking. Outflows are consisted of hydrologic export, water resources development, fishery and aquatic plants harvesting. The internal P recycling processes are also considered in this paper. From 1988 to 2015, the total P inflows for Lake Qionghai are in a rapid increase from 35.65 to 78.73 t/a, which results in the rising of P concentration in the lake. Among the total P load 2015, agricultural loss and domestic sewage account for 70.60% and 17.27% respectively, directly related to the rapid social-economic development and the swift urbanization. Future management programs designed to reduce P inputs must be put into practices in the coming years to ensure the ecosystem health in the watershed.     

Removal of a type of endocrine disruptors-di-n-butyl phthalate from water by ozonation

Ozonation of synthetic water containing a type of endocrine disruptor-di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） was examined. Key impact factors such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, ozone dosage and initial DBP concentration were investigated. In addition, the activities of radicals on uncatalysed and catalysed ozonation were studied. The degradation intermediate products were followed and the kinetic of the ozonation were assessed as well. Results revealed that ozonation of DBP followed two mechanisms. Firstly, the reaction rate of direct ozonation was slower at lower pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Secondly, when these factors were increased for indirect radical reaction, higher percentage of DBP was removed with the increase of the initial ozone dosage and the decrease of the initial DBP concentration. In addition, tea-butanol, humic substances and Fe（Ⅱ） affected DBP ozonation through the radical pathway. It was determined that ozonation was restrained by adding tea-butanol for its radical inhibition effect. Furthermore, humic substances enhanced the reaction to some extent, but a slight negative effect would be encountered if the optimum dosage was exceeded. As a matter of fact, Mn（Ⅱ） affected the ozonation by ＂active sites＂ mechanism. In the experiment, three different kinds of intermediate products were produced during ozonation, but the amount of products for each one of them decreased as pH, temperature, ionic strength and initial ozone dosage increased. A kinetic equation of the reaction between ozone and DBP was obtained.     

基于VR与社会力模型的地铁车站火灾疏散路径仿真及布局优化

为模拟地铁车站火灾情况下的乘客疏散情况,提高地铁车站火灾疏散效率,提出利用VR与社会力模型进行仿真优化的方案。通过问卷与VR实验探究乘客微观行为特征,并将其微观行为特征通过数值形式导入Anylogic,实现微观与宏观层面相结合的人群仿真。研究结果表明：现有车站方案模拟总疏散时间为412 s,不符合规范要求;经优化后,总疏散时间缩短68 s,使该站在大客流情况下满足规范要求。研究结果可为乘客的个体疏散行为提供指导性建议,为车站应对未来的客流激增提供设计优化思路。     

基于配体络合常数的毒代-毒效动力学(TK-TD)模型预测不同pH下镉和铅在斑马鱼幼鱼体内的积累和毒性

复杂多变的水化学条件影响重金属生物有效性和毒性,进一步影响水质基准的制定,需要建立既考虑水化学条件又考虑时间过程的毒代动力学-毒效动力学(toxicokinetics-toxicodynamics, TK-TD)模型去实时地模拟金属的生物蓄积性及产生的毒性。本研究将生物配体模型(biotic ligand model, BLM)中氢离子与配体络合常数(K_HBL)引入TK-TD模型,尝试建立预测水环境不同pH条件下金属毒性的理论模型框架,分别预测镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)在染毒溶液pH为4.5、5.5和6.5下在斑马鱼幼鱼体内的积累和急性毒性,并验证该模型框架的有效性和合理性。结果表明,Pb的最大吸收速率(J_max)比Cd大约3倍。Cd的致死速率(k_k)是Pb的4倍。Cd和Pb的安全阈值(threshold)之间相差30倍。染毒溶液中H⁺浓度增加可显著抑制Cd和Pb在斑马鱼幼鱼体内的累积量。基于K_HBL的TK-TD模型可以较好地预测染毒溶液不同pH(pH=4.5、5.5和6.5)条件...     

OH自由基与溴乙烷反应动力学和大气中存留寿命

溴代烷烃是破坏臭氧层的重要物质,用放电流动－共振荧光技术,测定ＯＨ自由基与Ｃ２Ｈ５Ｂｒ在２９７－３６９Ｋ温度范围的反应速率常数,求得其阿仑尼乌斯公式,并根据对流层的平均温度２２７Ｋ下求是ＯＨ自由基与溴乙烷反应速率常数（Ｋ）值,算出共在对流层的寿命为０．１６８ａ这将提供这类化合物使用否的重要科学根据。     

东湖溶解态磷酸酶的活性、动力学特征及其空间分布

湖泊中酶的活性是具有监测意义的生物化学参数．不同季节东湖纳污点的溶解态碱性磷酸酶活性（ＡＰＡＤｉｓｓ）显著高于湖区水样中的相应值．在纳污点和湖区,ＡＰＡＤｉｓｓ与溶解正磷酸盐浓度的关系不尽一致．与表层水相比,富营养型湖区沉积物间隙水中的ＡＰＡＤｉｓｓ及其动力学参数均明显不同．郭郑湖区表层水ＡＰＡＤｉｓｓ的非均一性空间分布是不同来源且具不同动力学特征的酶循不同的反应机制共同作用的结果,它反应了湖泊污染程度、营养水平以及有机物质转化效率的概况．