高效去磷的膜生物反应器

目前,华盛顿州斯波坎市为达到北美最严格的磷出水浓度限值(季节平均值,总磷:50mg/L),需要设计一种区域性水体改造设备(WRF).该设备同时要求达到总氮为10mg/L、氨氮为0.25mg/L的浓度限值.该设备采用强化型初级处理装置,后部连接1个膜生物反应器系统,其中设有金属盐,用于去除磷.金属盐可以完全消除来自于颗粒处理系统中     

STAC有机膨润土的表征及其处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

文章以钙基蒙脱石为原料,经钠化后与十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(又称1831,简称STAC)进行离子交换反应,合成有机膨润土,通过XRD、IR 、SEM等测试仪,对有机膨润土的结构进行了分析,同时利用改性后的STAC有机膨润土对某垃圾填埋场中的渗滤液进行处理,用GC/MS对处理前后垃圾渗滤液中主要有机组分进行了分析,结果表明,...     

废旧线路板中主要有价金属的生物反应器浸出研究

为探讨可供实际生物浸出应用的反应器规模废旧线路板中有价金属浸出特性和工艺条件,通过设计序批式生物浸出反应器,采用分离到的氧化亚铁硫杆菌Z1作为菌种资源,在考察废旧线路板中有价金属的浸出特性的基础上,确定了反应器运行的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,反应器运行的最佳工艺条件为曝气量1L/min、停留时间30h、搅拌速率300r/min以及粉末投加量12g/L.在此条件下,经过101h可以浸出90.24%的铜.同时,经197h的浸出,可以溶出93.06%的镁、92.00%的锌、85.59%的铝和64.51%的镍.因此,生物浸出反应器能有效回收废旧线路板中的有价金属,为该技术的实际应用提供了实验证据.     

Debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether by organo-montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron：Preparation, characterization and influence factors

An organo-montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron material(M-NZVI) was synthesized to degrade decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-209). The results showed that nanoscale zero-valent iron had good dispersion on organo-montmorillonite and was present as a core-shell structure with a particle size range of nanoscale iron between 30–90 nm, characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XRF, ICP-AES, and XPS. The results of the degradation of BDE-209 by M-NZVI showed that the efficiency of M-NZVI in removing BDE-209 was much higher than that of NZVI. The efficiency of M-NZVI in removing BDE-209 decreased as the pH and the initial dissolved oxygen content of the reaction solution increased, but increased as the proportion of water in the reaction solution increased.     

Arsenic removal from groundwater by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions

Arsenic in the environment is attracting increasing attention due to its chronic health effects. Although arsenite(As(III)) is generally more mobile and more toxic than arsenate(As(V)), reducing As(V) to As(III) may still be a means for decontamination, because As(III) can be removed from solution by precipitation with sulfide or by adsorption or complexation with other metal sulfides. The performance of As(V) bio-reduction under autohydrogenotrophic conditions was investigated with batch experiments. The results showed that As(V) reduction was a biochemical process while both acclimated sludge and hydrogen were essential. Most of the reduced arsenic remained in a soluble form, although 20% was removed with no addition of sulfate, while 82% was removed when sulfate was reduced to sulfide. The results demonstrated that the reduced arsenic was re-sequestered in the precipitates, probably as arsenic sulfides. Kinetic analysis showed that pseudo first-order kinetics described the bio-reduction process better than pseudo second-order. In particular, the influences of pH and temperature on As(V) reduction by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions and total soluble As removal were examined. The reduction process was highly sensitive to both pH and temperature, with the optimum ranges of pH 6.5–7.0 and 30–40°C respectively. Furthermore, Arrhenius modeling results for the temperature effect indicated that the As(V) reduction trend was systematic. Total soluble As removal was consistent with the trend of As(V) reduction.     

高效去除难降解毒害污染物的零价铁技术装备

文章综述了可高效去除硝基芳烃、氯代有机物、毒害重金属等典型难降解毒害污染物的零价铁技术的降解机理及应用效能,重点总结了其技术装备的改良优化与集成强化方式,系统比较了多种技术装备及应用流程的性能优势及应用缺陷。进一步展望了该技术国内外的最新方向及应用前景。     

地下水中常见离子对纳米零价铁除Se（Ⅳ）动力学的影响

采用间歇实验对纳米零价铁(nZVI)除四价硒(Se(Ⅳ))进行实验性研究,考察了地下水中共存离子对nZVI除Se(Ⅳ)动力学的影响.结果表明,在厌氧条件下,当nZVI投加量为0.1 g·L-1,Se(Ⅳ)浓度为100μmol·L-1,NaCl浓度为0.01 mol·L-1,pH=7.0,T=25℃±1℃时,投加CO2-3或SO2-4浓度为1 mmol·L-1、腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)为5 mg·L-1时,明显抑制了Se(Ⅳ)的去除.投加0.5 mmol·L-1Ca2+或Mg2+时,对除Se(Ⅳ)影响不大;而Ca2+(3 mmol·L-1)、Mg2+(3 mmol·L-1)时,Se(Ⅳ)的去除效率明显下降.未加共存离子时,Se(Ⅳ)在20 min时基本去除完,共存离子存在的情况下,nZVI对Se(Ⅳ)的去除率在30 min时达到100%.反应过程中二价铁(Fe2+)随着Se(Ⅳ)的去除趋于平稳.ORP在反应过程中快速从正值下降至负值,由此说明nZVI除Se(Ⅳ)的过程发生了还原反应.     

Fe2+和Fe3+对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥研究了Fe离子浓度及价态变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响.短期浓度影响结果表明,当进水铁离子浓度由0升高到5 mg·L-1时,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性因受刺激而逐渐增强;当进水铁离子浓度大于5 mg·L-1时,因厌氧氨氧化反应产碱,铁离子形成氢氧化物沉淀,生物活性未受到影响.不同价态铁离子浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响无明显区别.长期价态影响结果表明,经过71个周期培养,含Fe2+进水的厌氧氨氧化反应器R1脱氮效能(以氮计)由0.28 kg·(m3·d)-1升高到0.65 kg·(m3·d)-1,是含Fe3+进水反应器R2的1.28倍.因此Fe2+更适合厌氧氨氧化菌生长的需求.实验结果进一步表明,Fe3+易导致厌氧氨氧化反应器R2内氨氮过量转化,亚硝氮与氨氮转化比(1.17)明显低于含Fe2+进水的反应器R1内亚硝氮与氨氮转化比(1.24).     

飞机有寿件延寿综合决策方法

目的决策飞机有寿件延寿方法。方法通过RCM理论判断设备作为有寿件控制的必要性,对于有必要进行延寿的设备,需按照寿命指标的原则选取合适的寿命指标。根据设备的特点和延寿方法的适用性,选取适当的方法对其进行延寿。结果得出飞机有寿件延寿的决策方法。结论通过此决策方法能够较好地解决机载设备延寿的问题。     

零价铁-氧化剂联合降解土壤中硝基氯苯及土壤性质变化

硝基氯苯是重要的化工原料和中间体,其在土壤中的不断积累对生态环境和人体健康构成了严重威胁.高级氧化修复技术可以将有机污染物直接或间接矿化为CO_2和H_2O,从而成为近年来研究的重点.本文针对南京某化工厂搬迁遗留的硝基氯苯污染的场地土壤,研究了零价铁还原与氧化剂氧化的联合体系对硝基氯苯的降解率,并对反应过程的中间产物和动力学进行了分析,研究了降解后土壤性质的变化.结果表明,当采用KMnO_4、Fenton试剂、30%H_2O_2和Na_2S_2O_44种氧化剂直接氧化时,土壤中硝基氯苯的降解率分别为75.0%、62.9%、58.1%和41.5%;经零价铁还原1 h后,再施加氧化剂氧化处理,硝基氯苯降解率大幅提高,分别达到91.5%、88.5%、87.4%和70.4%.零价铁还原体系中间产物氯代苯胺浓度4 h时达到最大,施加氧化剂后迅速下降,4 h后下降至最低并维持较稳定水平;硝基氯苯氧化反应在单一氧化剂反应体系符合一级动力学方程,但在零价铁与氧化剂联合反应体系符合二级动力学方程;降解后的土壤性质有较大变化,CEC、TOC和土壤养分显著下降,Eh和EC显著增加,土壤pH除施加Na2S2O4下降显著外,施加KMnO_4、Fenton试剂、30%H_2O_2时下降较小,但同时添加零价铁土壤pH下降显著;土壤全N、全P、全K变化不显著,这些可为修复后土壤的再利用提供数据参考.