UASBB厌氧氨氧化反应器处理污泥脱水液的影响因素研究

研究基质质量浓度、温度、pH值、HRT和C/N比对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响.试验水样采用污泥脱水液,控制进水ρ(NH+4-N)/ρ(NO-2-N)为1∶1.32,分别考察了在不同基质质量浓度、HRT、温度、pH值和C/N比的情况下,UASBB厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮性能.结果表明,在进水NH+4-N和NO-2-N质量浓度分别为200 mg·L-1和264 mg·L-1、HRT=24 h、温度为30～35℃、pH值为7.5～8.5、C/N比在0.5左右的条件下,厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮效果最佳,NH+4-N、NO-2-N和TN平均去除率分别达到75.72%、76.36%和70.19%,TN平均容积负荷可达0.464 kg·(m3·d)-1,COD平均去除率在30%左右.通过合理控制进水基质质量浓度和HRT能够有效地提高厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮性能.只有在适宜的温度和pH值范围内,厌氧氨氧化菌才能表现出较高的活性.当进水添加有机物时,厌氧氨氧化反应器中存在反硝化现象,且随着有机物质量浓度的升高,异养反硝化菌的竞争优势逐渐增强,对厌氧氨氧化产生明显的抑制作用.     

氨水混合吸收剂脱除CO2实验研究

氨水作为一种很有应用前景的CO2化学吸收剂,存在吸收速率慢的问题.使用湿壁塔实验台,考察了不同种类的添加剂(MEA、PZ、1-MPZ、2-MPZ)对氨水吸收CO2速率的影响.结果表明,4种添加剂均能明显提高氨水吸收CO2的速率,其中PZ具有最好的促进效果.0、0.1、0.3和0.5 mol·mol-1负荷下,3 mol·L-1NH3+0.3 mol·L-1PZ溶液的总传质系数(KG)分别是3 mol·L-1NH3溶液在相应负荷下的3、3.2、3.2和2.9倍.改变反应温度、添加剂量、PZ浓度等条件对基于NH3/PZ混合吸收剂吸收CO2的反应过程进行实验,得到了其在不同条件下的KG,初步探讨CO2吸收的反应机制,并计算出准一级反应速率常数为42.7 m3·(mol·s)-1.     

《中国环境科学》第34卷总目录(2014)

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Removal of arsenate with hydrous ferric oxide coprecipitation：Effect of humic acid

Insights from the adverse effect of humic acid(HA) on arsenate removal with hydrous ferric oxide(HFO) coprecipitation can further our understanding of the fate of As(V) in water treatment process. The motivation of our study is to explore the competitive adsorption mechanisms of humic acid and As(V) on HFO on the molecular scale. Multiple complementary techniques were used including macroscopic adsorption experiments, surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS), extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS) spectroscopy, flow-cell attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR) measurement, and charge distribution multisite complexation(CDMUSIC) modeling. The As(V) removal efficiency was reduced from over 95% to about 10% with the increasing HA concentration to 25 times of As(V) mass concentration. The SERS analysis excluded the HA-As(V) complex formation. The EXAFS results indicate that As(V) formed bidentate binuclear surface complexes in the presence of HA as evidenced by an As-Fe distance of 3.26–3.31 ?. The in situ ATR-FTIR measurements show that As(V) replaces surface hydroxyl groups and forms innersphere complex. High concentrations of HA may physically block the surface sites and inhibit the As(V) access. The adsorption of As(V) and HA decreased the point of zero charge of HFO from 7.8 to 5.8 and 6.3, respectively. The CD-MUSIC model described the zeta potential curves and adsorption edges of As(V) and HA reasonably well.     

Knudsen cell and smog chamber study of the heterogeneous uptake of sulfur dioxide on Chinese mineral dust

The heterogeneous uptake processes of sulfur dioxide on two types of Chinese mineral dust（Inner Mongolia desert dust and Xinjiang sierozem） were investigated using both Knudsen cell and smog chamber system. The temperature dependence of the uptake coefficients was studied over a range from 253 to 313 K using the Knudsen cell reactor, the initial uptake coefficients decreased with the increasing of temperature for these two mineral dust samples, whereas the steady state uptake coefficients of the Xinjiang sierozem increased with the temperature increasing, and these temperature dependence functions were obtained for the first time. In the smog chamber experiments at room temperature, the steady state uptake coefficients of SO2 decreased evidently with the increasing of sulfur dioxide initial concentration from 1.72 × 1012 to 6.15 × 1012mol/cm3. Humid air had effect on the steady state uptake coefficients of SO2 onto Inner Mongolia desert dust.Consequences about the understanding of the uptake processes onto mineral dust samples and the environmental implication were also discussed.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对蜈蚣草吸收铀的影响

采用盆栽土壤实验,模拟铀(uranium,U)污染土壤,以蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata L.)为研究材料,每盆接种丛枝菌根真菌地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme,Gv)30 g,探索蜈蚣草菌根对U污染土壤不同时间段的修复效果.结果表明,蜈蚣草菌根侵染率2013年9月最低为57.14%,2014年3月最高为75.20%,呈先上升后下降的年周期变化规律;同一时期蜈蚣草的生物量(干重)Gv组显著高于CK组,根系最为明显;接种Gv组蜈蚣草各器官总U含量均显著高于CK组,且被吸收的U主要固定在根部,Gv组根部总U含量均高于同一时期CK组;接种Gv组基质中总U含量小于CK组,其中接种Gv后蜈蚣草对铁锰氧化态和硫化物态U的吸收效果最好;基质中各形态U随培养时间的延长含量均呈下降趋势.接种Gv组比CK组富集系数大,且均大于1;菌根侵染率与富集系数呈显著正相关关系.以上结果说明接种Gv促进蜈蚣草对U的吸收,因此,蜈蚣草丛枝菌根真菌共生体对治理U污染土壤有良好的应用前景.     

高铁动车段集便器污水处理调研及优化脱氮分析

基于对高铁动车段污水的调研,针对集便污水具有高氨氮、低碳氮比特征,传统处理工艺难以充分满足《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》(GB/T 31962-2015)氮排放限值要求,对比分析高效生物脱氮工艺与传统生物脱氮工艺.结果 表明,短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化工艺具有明显的脱氮效能和经济效益,可有效降低运行成本.     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺处理高含氮废水的研究

采用实验室规模的亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺,研究其对高含氮、低C/N废水的处理能力.结果表明,亚硝化反应器的水力停留时间控制在1.0d时,亚硝化活性比较稳定,进水氨氮浓度对其影响不大.进水氨氮浓度在400～600 mg/L时,出水亚硝酸氮浓度都在260～280 mg/L,可以通过控制进水氨氮浓度调节出水亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率.亚硝化反应器出水的亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率对厌氧氨氧化脱氮率有重要的作用.当进水氨氮浓度为480 mg/L时,出水中亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.2左右,进入厌氧氨氧化反应器的氮物质去除率达到     

微纳米气液分散体系吸收NO

以模拟烟气为气源,去离子水为水源,通过微纳米气泡发生器形成微纳米气液分散体系,吸收模拟烟气中的NO,考察了多种因素对脱硝率(η)和气相体积总传质系数(KGa)的影响,分析了微纳米气液分散体系吸收NO的反应机理。结果表明:η和KGa随着进气NO体积分数和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)质量浓度的提高而下降;随着吸收液初始pH的提高先降低后升高;随着进气O_2体积分数的增大而提高;随着吸收液温度的升高先提高后降低;控制进气NO体积分数为0.06%时,在吸收液初始pH为2.0、吸收剂为去离子水、吸收液温度为25℃、进气O_2体积分数为10%的最佳条件下,脱硝率可达81.0%。微纳米气液分散体系是通过产生羟基自由基从而对NO进行氧化吸收的。