醋酸-醋酸铵缓冲体系中柠檬酸、草酸和苹果酸对高岭石的溶解特征

采用间歇法(batch method)模拟研究醋酸-醋酸铵缓冲体系中柠檬酸、草酸和苹果酸三种低分子量有机酸对高岭石的溶解特征。结果表明:柠檬酸、草酸和苹果酸三种有机酸均能显著促进高岭石的溶解,溶解能力都是随其浓度和酸度的升高而增强;当有机酸浓度为1mmol/L,pH3.5时,草酸>柠檬酸>苹果酸;pH5.5和pH4.5时,柠檬酸>草酸>苹果酸;而当有机酸浓度≥5mmol/L时,草酸>柠檬酸>苹果酸,且对高岭石的溶解能力都大于无机酸。当柠檬酸、草酸和苹果酸浓度为1mmol/L时,反应级数(nHL)分别为0.09、0.27和0.18,速率常数(kHL)分别为4.03×10-13、2.62×10-12和4.73×10-13;当其浓度为5mmol/L时,其反应级数(nHL)分别为0.16、0.37和0.16,速率常数(kHL)分别为1.38×10-12、2.32×10-11和4.97×10-13;其浓度为10mmol/L时,反应级数(nHL)分别为0.18、0.34和0.16,速率常数(kHL)分别为2.17×10-12、2.60×10-11和6.05×10-13。对于柠檬酸和草酸而言,在促进高岭石溶解的作用上,相对于质子,配体的贡献是主要的;而对于苹果酸而言,配体的贡献是次要的。配体促进溶解速率(RL)可以用配体浓度的指数形式来表示。对柠檬酸、草酸和苹果酸而言,pH5.5时,分别为RL=10-13.01[配体]0.23、RL=10-13.28[配体]0.70和RL=10-13.72[配体]0.38;pH4.5时,分别为RL=10-13.00[配体]0.51、RL=10-13.03[配体]1.05和RL=10-14.07[配体]0.77;pH3.5时,分别为RL=10-12.99[配体]0.64、RL=10-12.72[配体]0.89和RL=10-14.61[配体]1.69。     

锆柱撑煤系高岭土对氟离子的吸附研究

由于炼铝、磷肥、钢铁等工业持续发展,水体氟污染逐渐成为一个全球性环境问题。吸附法因具有成本低、易操作、效果好、吸附材料来源广泛等优点,是一种相对成熟的除氟方法。煤系高岭土具有特殊的层状结构,可以通过柱撑改性表现出良好的吸附性能,用于吸附去除氟离子。对经预处理的煤系高岭土进行锆柱撑改性,制得柱撑煤系高岭土复合物,同时采用傅里叶红外光谱和X射线衍射分析对其进行表征,以分析其改性原理。此外,为了研究该柱撑煤系高岭土复合物的除氟性能,文章考察了吸附剂投土比、反应pH、吸附时间、溶液初始浓度等对吸附效果的影响,并分析了吸附去除氟离子的机理。实验结果表明,锆进入了煤系高岭土的层间结构,使其层间距增大,形成了具有特殊官能团的锆柱撑高岭土复合物,利于吸附去除氟离子。在吸附剂投加量为10 g/L、反应pH=4、氟溶液初始浓度为50 mg/g、吸附时间为3 h、温度为25℃的条件下,柱撑煤系高岭土复合物对氟离子的去除率可达98.2%。该吸附剂对氟离子的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,吸附动力学可用准二级动力学模型描述,属于单分子化学吸附。     

PA6/煤系高岭土复合材料的制备与性能

用不同硅烷类偶联剂和钛酸酯偶联剂处理煤系高岭土,研究了煤系高岭土活化指数的变化,制备了PA6／煤系高岭土复合材料,研究了材料的力学性能和结晶行为。结果表明：在PA6中填充用偶联剂处理的煤系高岭土,可起到增强作用,其中钛酸脂偶联剂NDZ101效果较好,其合适用量为1％,经偶联剂处理的煤系高岭土比未处理的煤系高岭土具有更好的增强效果;煤系高岭土使尼龙6的结晶温度升高,结晶速度加快。     

Ca2+、Al3+对聚丙烯酰胺在高岭土絮凝过程中作用的影响

在实验条件下,Ca²⁺、Al³⁺离子对高岭土的絮凝过程有不利影响,且pH越高Ca²⁺的影响越大,pH越低,Al³⁺的影响越大.运用分子轨道(MO)理论、溶液化学计算、电子探针测试等手段,研究探讨了其作用机理.认为在酸性和中性范围内,Ca²⁺、Al³⁺离子及它们的羟基络合正离子与聚丙烯酰胺之间的相互作用造成后者分子链发生卷曲,导致絮凝效果下降;而在pH>9范围内,Ca²⁺、Al³⁺的氢氧化物沉积在高岭土表面,阻碍或抑制了聚丙烯酰胺与高岭土之间的氢键作用.     

Electrochemical remediation of copper contaminated kaolinite by conditioning anolyte and catholyte pH simultaneously

This report examined electrochemical remediation of copper contaminated kaojinite by controlling electrolytes‘ pH for both of anolyte and catholyte simultaneously.Results showed the electrokinetic process and remediation efficiency varied obviously when different buffer systems,including citric acid(test 1),nitric acid EDTA(test 2)and nitric acid(test 3),were used to control catholyte pH AND Na2CO3 was used at the same time to control all anolyte one.It was found that under such pH condition soil‘s pH in soil column kept at 3.0-7.0 successfully,and correspondingly no copper precipitation and decrease of soil electroconductivity appeared.which are usually observed in electrokinetic process due to OH^- introduction into soil cojumn by electrochemical reaction occurred in cathode.Electroosmosis flow rates were almost equal for these three tests,indicating that these buffers did not affect Zeta-potential of kaolinite within the examined duration.More acid and basic solution was added into electrokinetic cell when nitric acid was used as buffer than when nitric acid EDTA and then citric acid were used.Due to introduction of large amounts of ions into soil column,significant higher current was observed for test 3 than other two.Analysis of copper speciation and total quantity in kaolinite indicated that 22.5%,23.74%and 55.65% Cu were removed from kaolinite for test 1,test 2 and test 3 respectively after only 10 days‘ electrokinetic remediation.