钯掺TiO2光催化降解全氟辛酸

全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)以其分布广泛性、生物蓄积性、生物毒性强而成为全球关注的一种新型持久性有机污染物.采用化学还原法制备钯掺二氧化钛(Pd-Ti O2)催化剂,利用XRD、FESEM、UV-vis DRS对催化剂进行表征,并考察其在365 nm紫外光照射下对PFOA的光催化降解效果.结果表明,化学还原的制备方法使Ti O2粒径减小、比表面积增大且对紫外光的吸收性能增大,但并不引起PFOA光催化效果的改变.而Pd掺杂后大大增强了PFOA的降解效果,反应7 h后溶液中氟离子浓度为6.62 mg·L-1,是Ti O2(P25)的7.3倍.投加俘获剂与通入氮气的实验证明,在PFOA的降解过程中·OH起重要作用,氧气的存在可促进PFOA的降解.采用UPLC-QTOF-MS对产物进行鉴定分析,PFOA的可能降解过程是经h+氧化后发生脱羧基反应,产生的全氟烷烃自由基(·CnF2n+1)被·OH氧化,脱氟生成短链全氟羧酸.Pd能作为电子(e-)捕获剂、加速e-向O2等电子受体的转移,从而缓解e-累积,提高对PFOA的降解效果.     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

AUSB中置曝气对CANON颗粒污泥工艺的影响

常温(25±1)℃下,向中置(R1)、底部曝气(R2)的AUSB反应器中接种絮状厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)污泥,研究AUSB不同曝气位置对连续流CANON颗粒污泥工艺启动及运行的影响.结果表明,R1、R2分别于第43 d、56 d成功启动CANON颗粒污泥,平均粒径分别为214.79μm、205.27μm,特征值(ΔNO-3-N/ΔTN)为0.128、0.129.低氨氮(90 mg·L-1)下,逐步增大氮负荷(NLR),AUSB中置曝气更利于CANON颗粒粒径的持续增长及脱氮负荷(NRR)的提高,R1于第88 d颗粒平均粒径即增至507.46μm,NRR达0.277 kg·(m3·d)-1;R2污泥颗粒历时108 d,粒径增长至467.72μm,NRR仅为R1的87.73%.底部曝气AUSB全程好氧模式下长期运行,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)显著增殖,第125 d后特征值增至0.136±0.004,NRR仅(0.231±0.015)kg·(m3·d)-1;而中置曝气AUSB特定的缺氧/好氧模式有效抑制了NOB活性,特征值维持在0.127±0.003,NRR为(0.262±0.019)kg·(m3·d)-1.AUSB中置曝气可促进絮状ANAMMOX污泥演变至CANON颗粒污泥,且系统脱氮性能及运行稳定性均优于底部曝气AUSB.     

污泥基生物炭提升活性污泥系统处理性能

对污泥基生物炭提升活性污泥系统处理性能进行探讨,将活性炭和污泥基生物炭分别投入A²O工艺厌氧池活性污泥,发现其对COD削减率最高分别为72.9%和41.1%,均能有效削减,生物炭对TN削减率最高为74.1%,优于活性炭.表征显示污泥基生物炭上更易附着活性污泥且比表面积更大.在A²O小试厌氧池中以"1次/污泥龄"为频率投加活性炭、污泥基生物炭和脱脂污泥基生物炭,结果发现:投加污泥基生物炭对COD、TN、TP的削减均优于活性炭,投加脱脂污泥基生物炭对COD、TN的削减与投加活性炭相当,对TP平均削减率高达85.6%,优于活性炭,表明生物炭处理(BT)工艺比粉末活性炭处理(PACT)工艺处理生活污水能力更强,脱脂污泥基生物炭作为污泥脂质提取后的副产品更经济.     

凹凸棒石基复合材料处理印染废水的研究

以凹凸棒石为载体,钛酸四丁酯为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法,制成TiO2/凹凸棒石基复合材料(TiO2/ATT),并对所制得的复合材料进行了XRD和BET表征。在波长为254 nm的16 W紫外灯光照下,以活性黑KN-B印染废水为脱色对象,分别探讨了TiO2/凹凸棒石复合材料的煅烧温度、投加量、活性黑KN-B染料的初始浓度、溶液的pH值和反应温度等因素对印染废水脱色率的影响。实验结果表明:用煅烧温度500℃的TiO2/凹凸棒石基复合材料处理活性黑KN-B印染废水,催化剂的投加量为15 g/L、活性黑KN-B的初始浓度为10 mg/L、pH小于7、反应温度为20℃时,光催化反应4 h内即能达到较高的去除率,对活性黑KN-B的脱色率可达95%以上。     

Applying a new method for direct collection,volume quantification and determination of N2 emission from water

The emission of N2 is important to remove excess N from lakes, ponds, and wetlands. To investigate the gas emission from water, Gao et al.(2013) developed a new method using a bubble trap device to collect gas samples from waters. However, the determination accuracy of sampling volume and gas component concentration was still debatable. In this study, the method was optimized for in situ sampling, accurate volume measurement and direct injection to a gas chromatograph for the analysis of N2 and other gases. By the optimized new method, the recovery rate for N2 was 100.28% on average; the mean coefficient of determination(R2) was 0.9997; the limit of detection was 0.02%. We further assessed the effects of the new method, bottle full of water, vs. vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods, on variations of N2 concentration as influenced by sample storage times of 1,2, 3, 5, and 7 days at constant temperature of 15°C, using indices of averaged relative peak area(%) in comparison with the averaged relative peak area of each method at 0 day.The indices of the bottle full of water method were the lowest(99.5%–108.5%) compared to the indices of vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods(119%–217%). Meanwhile, the gas chromatograph determination of other gas components(O2, CH4, and N2O) was also accurate. The new method was an alternative way to investigate N2 released from various kinds of aquatic ecosystems.     

聚乙烯醇包埋活性炭小球处理含铬废水的研究

采用液-液相分离的方法制备了聚乙烯醇包埋活性炭小球,考察了其对模拟含铬废水的处理效果。实验结果表明,活性炭小球对Cr（Ⅵ）的处理效果随pH值增加和Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度增加而减小;小球对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附符合Fretmdlich等温模式,与粉末活性炭相比吸附平衡时阊较长,约为3h;利用TiO2的光催化还原效应,添加2％纳米Ti02能显著提高小球对Cr（Ⅵ）的处理效果,并能回收Cr（OH）3。     

一株石油烃降解菌对原油的降解特性

从山东胜利油田沿海滩涂石油污染水体中分离得到1株以原油为唯一碳源的降解菌E-2.通过对原油降解率的测定,发现菌株E-2对石油具有较强的降解能力.在条件初步优化下培养5d,其对原油的降解率在扣除自然降解部分后达到50.51%.E-2最适宜生长条件为:温度37℃,pH =7.5.当NaCl质量浓度为0～5g·L-1,原油质量分数为0.75%～1.5%时菌株E-2处于最佳生长状态.通过GC-MS分析,菌株E-2对原油中链烃C34～C38的部分降解最显著,对链烃C26 ～ C33也有一定的降解作用,表明E-2对长链烃类的降解具有明显的优势.菌株E-2与优势菌株HB-1按1∶1组成混合菌液,两种菌株仍能各自显著降解链烃碳源,同时对C16～C30的降解明显增强,反映了两菌对这一段碳链的协同降解效果.HB-1与E-2按1∶1混合,石油降解率提高到63.62%(单独HB-1菌株石油降解率为54.62%);HB-1与E-2按1∶3混合,其降解率为80.60%;HB -1与E-2按3∶1混合,降解率为81.83%.     

排土场稳定性影响因素显著性研究

为提升排土场稳定性,以某露天煤矿排土场为例,结合正交试验和强度折减法,开展排土场稳定性影响因素显著性研究.通过分析资料与野外调研,厘定典型排土场稳定性诱发因素,构建排土场真三维地质模型,反演验证和分析排土场的岩土体参数和变形规律特征,得出排土场边坡内部应力和位移的变化特征以及塑性破坏区分布范围;以真三维网格模型中最危险...     

改性PbO2电极电催化氧化直接绿废水的研究

采用表面活性剂聚乙二醇200改性自制不锈钢基PbO2电极。通过SEM、XRD等分析方法对改性PbO2电极表面形貌及晶体结构进行表征。利用直接绿模拟废水脱色实验考察电极的电催化氧化特性。考察了粒子电极的投加量、电解质的浓度及使用次数等条件对直接绿废水降解效率的影响。结果表明,改性后的电极表面颗粒明显细化,β-PbO2纯度提高。电催化时间3 min,粒子电极投加量13 g/L,电解质质量浓度为0.06 g/L,对50mg/L直接绿废水的去除率可达94.98%。