氟污染土壤中有效态氟提取剂的选择

通过对1.00mol/L NH4Cl、0.02mol/L NH4Cl、0.01mol/L CaCl2和H2O四种提取剂对污染土壤中元素氟的提取能力的分析比较,以及土壤性质与提取量的相关分析,确定了1.00mol/LNH4Cl为提取污染土壤中有效态氟最适宜的提取剂,为测定污染土壤中有效态氟含量,科学、合理评价氟的生态效应提供参考。     

云爆剂贮存化学稳定性的研究

对以硝酸异丙酯为主体的云爆剂进行了3年的贮存试验和高、低温加速试验;检测了云爆剂中的硝酸异丙酯的纯度、水分含量、酸值和表观密度,用红外光光谱法分析了硝酸异丙酯的结构;研究了云爆剂的性能变化规律.试验检测结果表明:常温下云爆剂有较好的化学稳定性;高温下云爆剂的颜色变深、酸值升高;云爆剂与密封油脂和丁腈橡胶的相容性较差.     

季铵盐型水处理剂处理钻井压滤液的研究

水基钻井压滤液富含各类有机添加剂,色度大、矿化度高、处理难,严重影响生态环境的安全性。文章分析了某油田废水基钻井压滤液的性质,利用自制和市售的季铵盐型水处理剂对其处理,考察了两种药剂投加量对压滤液色度、总有机碳（TOC）、化学需氧量（COD）、阴离子的处理效果。结果表明,在投加量为6 mL/L时,色度、TOC、COD达到最佳去除率,分别为98.01％,54.1％和29.9％,对阴离子SO42-和Cl-的去除率分别达到40.6％和21.9％。Zeta电位结果表明,自制型水处理剂能对胶体发生电中和作用,长链结构能起到吸附和架桥作用,有效实现了污染物的快速絮凝沉降。此外,与购置的水处理剂性能及药剂成本对比,发现合成的水处理剂具有更好的处理效果,并展现出低廉的药剂成本。     

铬渣作水泥矿化剂的经济及环境效应分析

铬渣的处理利用一直是铬盐行业和固体污染物处理的难点，本文介绍了用铬渣作水泥矿化剂处理铬渣这种新方法的原理，并进行了经济和环境效应分析，结果表明用铬渣作水泥矿化剂确实是一种很好的处理铬渣的方法。     

渣油-水乳化液作为路面抑尘剂的研究

为了有效抑制汽车运输路面的扬尘,选择低浓度渣油－水乳化液作为抑尘剂,通过在实验室大量的试验,掌握一组渣油乳化的最佳配方及其制备工艺,即渣油３％－６％,乳化剂约０．５％,水９３．５％－９６．５％,制备温度〉７０℃经过室内和现场大规模试验表明,当路面喷洒量达到２．２ｋｇ／ｍ＾２时,其有效抑尘时间达到１０ｄ以上,并且在一定程度起到养路的作用,长期使用可取得显著的综合经济效益。     

两性高分子絮凝剂阴、阳离子基团含量对絮凝性能的影响

合成了一系列带不同阴、阳离子基团含量的高分子絮凝剂，详细讨论了阴、阳离子基团含量对硅藻土悬浮体系絮凝性能（透光率、沉降速度、沉降体积）的影响。结果表明：阴、阳离子基团含量并不是越大越好，它们之间有个协同效应，基团含量太大或太小对絮凝作用都不利。     

树脂吸附法处理硝化废水

研究采用树脂吸附法处理硝化废水的效果,通过静态吸附实验,从14种树脂中筛选出国产大孔吸附树脂AB-8,在酸性条件下处理硝化废水效果较好,用于动态吸附实验,采用2 BV·h-1,3 BV·h-1,6 BV·h-1等3种不同流速进行动态吸附实验.实验结果显示:硝基苯去除率为70%,硝基氯苯去除率为99%,CODCr去除率为43%,用工业乙醇作脱附剂,洗脱效果较好,树脂再生后可重复使用.     

羧甲基纤维素抑尘剂的制备及其应用研究

以羧甲基纤维素、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯为原料,用溶液聚合法制备出一种环保软膜抑尘剂.探讨了添加甘油、辛癸基葡糖苷对抑尘剂吸水性能、润湿性能的变化以及m(甘油):m(辛癸基葡糖苷)以不同配比加入抑尘剂后对粉尘含水率的影响.经傅里叶红外光谱、X-射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜对制备的产物进行结构表征和形貌的分析.对抑尘剂的性能:耐风蚀性、温度适应性进行了测试.结果表明:当m(甘油):m(辛癸基葡糖苷)为2:3,室温时粉尘含水率达15.8%、50℃粉尘含水率仍可达11.7%;经3 h(15 m/s)风速吹扫,粉尘损失率仅为2.3%.     

膜电容去离子电极中导电剂类型及掺杂比对脱盐性能的影响

导电剂种类及其添加量是影响膜电容去离子（MCDI）脱盐性能的重要因素.以活性炭为活性吸附材料,分别选取石墨、碳纳米管和炭黑作为导电剂制备电极,深入探究了3种导电剂及其掺杂量对MCDI脱盐性能的影响.实验结果表明,掺杂适量炭黑和碳纳米管能显著提升电极的吸附容量、脱盐速度及降低脱盐能耗.活性炭与炭黑质量比为8∶1时,电极吸附容量可达15.84 mg·g^-1,比不掺加炭黑时提高了1.15倍;活性碳与碳纳米管质量比为57.6∶1时,电极吸附容量可达12.62 mg·g^-1;但掺杂石墨的活性炭基电极在提升吸附容量、降低能耗上都没有明显变化.动力学拟合结果表明,本研究中掺杂石墨、碳纳米管及炭黑的活性炭基电极材料脱盐过程均符合准二级动力学方程.     

Impact of some chlorinated pesticides on the haematology of the fish Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto

The effects of pesticides on blood characteristics and histological changes in erythrocytes of the fish species Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto were studied. The fishes were exposed to sub lethal concentrations of different chlorinated pesticides namely aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, BHC and chlordane for 10, 20 and 30 d in continuous flow-through test. The LCso values were calculated based on acute toxicity tests and the sublethal doses were arrived at for chronic bioassay studies. Results showed an increase in haemoglobin content of both Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto in case of aldrin and dieldrin. Haemoglobin content reduced from an initial 13 g/100 ml to 8.07 and 10.15 g/100 ml in case of Cyprinus at the end of ten days exposure to aldrin and dieldrin respectively, and gradually increased to 8.7 g/100 ml and 10.15 g/100 ml after 20 d of exposure. The haemoglobin content after 30 d exposure to aldrin and dieldrin was 10.15 g/100 ml and 11.6 g/100 ml respectively. In case of Puntius ticto, the haemoglobin content in control fishes recorded was 12.8 g/100 ml while in case of fish exposed to aldrin, the haemoglobin content reduced initially on ten days exposure to 10.15 g/100 ml and increased to 11.6 g/100 ml and 13.0 g/100 ml during twenty days and thirty days exposure respectively. This trend was also observed with dieldrin in both the fishes studied. Red blood cells were also counted in case of all the pesticides and exposure periods with respect to Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto. Irrespective of the species and pesticide, the RBC counts uniformly showed decreasing trend with the increase in exposure period, while packed cell volume, PCV(%) showed increasing trend with respect to increase in exposure period in case of aldrin and dieldrin in both the fishes. But DDT, BHC and chlordane showed decreasing trend in PCV(%) values with increasing periods of exposure.