Characterizing spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in the soils from mining-smelting activities in Shuikoushan, Hunan Province, China

The spatial variation of heavy metals in the soils in Shuikoushan mining-smelting area, Hunan Province, China, was investigated using multivariate and geo-statistic analysis. A total of 106 composite soil samples were collected in an area of about 100 km2. Concentrations of total As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Arsenic and Pb were found to have a common source, indicating the same sources and spreading processes, such as aerosols and airborne particulates from smelting chimneys. Airborne sources from smelting chimneys contributed greatly to Cd in the area, which demonstrated the same dispersion pattern as As and Pb. However, two hot spots of Cd around smelters were possibly enlarged by wastewaters, demonstrating another important source of Cd in Shuikouhsan. Geo-statistic interpolated mapping demonstrated that hotspots of Zn were only found proximal to the large smelters, suggesting that Zn primarily came from the chimneys of larger smelters. The major Cu hot-spots appeared closely to the tailing dam, indicating that weathering and leaching of tailings were the major sources of Cu contamination in Shuikoushan. Our findings indicated that airborne volatile particles and aerosols contributed the most to As, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu contamination, while Cd and Cu may also derive from the discharge of wastewater from smelters and the leaching of tailings, respectively.     

黄土高原地区1961—2000年间土壤水分变化模拟与分析

论文应用Vrsmarty水量平衡模型模拟黄土高原地区的土壤水分对全球气候变化的响应。该模型综合考虑了土壤、植被、高程、温度、太阳辐射、水汽压、风速和降雨等因子对土壤水分的影响。模型运行的结果表明,黄土高原地区土壤水分在1961—2000年期间是一种逐渐减小的变化趋势:该地区6月的平均土壤水分从1960s的42.3 mm降低到了1990s的38 mm;10月的土壤水平均值从1960s的93.9 mm降低到了1990s的56.7 mm,这种变化的原因是降雨量不断减少,年平均降水从1960s的443 mm降低到了1990s的406 mm,同时潜在蒸发量也在不断减少,月最大潜在蒸发量从1960s的190 mm降低到了1990s的142 mm。     

Evaluation of phosphorus removal from wastewater by soils in rural areas in China

Low-cost, easy-maintenance and high-e ciency decentralized wastewater treatment technologies are urgently needed in rural areas of China. Processes with high potential for phosphorus removal are of great interest. However, commonly used treatment methods often do not meet the strict criteria for removing phosphorus from rural wastewater. In order to search an economic and simple technology for phosphorus removal from the common bio-technologies e uent, seven soil types collected from di erent rural areas in China were investigated for their ability to remove phosphorus. X-ray di raction (XRD) was used to analyse the mineral structure, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to analyse the geochemical composition of the soil samples. Three primary minerals – quartz, albite and montmorillonite – were clearly detected. The samples were divided into two soil types, acidic soils and alkaline soils, based on their pH values. The geochemical composition study indicated that a higher percentage of Ca and Mg occurred in alkaline soils (pH > 8) than in acidic soils (pH < 6.5). Adsorption isotherms from batch experiments fitted the Langmuir and Freundlich models well, the maximum P adsorption capacities ranged from 0.256 to 1.598 mg P/g, indicating a high phosphorus removal potential for all of these soils. The P fractions extracted revealed that the sum of NaOH-extracted inorganic P (NaOH-Pi) was the major P component in the acidic soils, and CaCO3-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) in the alkaline soils. Dynamic adsorption simulation showed that these soils have the ability to remove phosphorus from wastewater.     

中国南方森林黄壤的铝活化模式

将酸化模型应用于我国区域酸沉降影响的预测和控制对策的制定,需要选择有区域代表性的土壤铝活化模式并确定其参数.利用我国南方4个森林小流域的土壤化学长期观测资料,对常见的铝活化模式,如三水铝石模式、斜矾石模式、高岭石模式、伊毛缟石模式和有机质吸附模式等在中国南方森林黄壤的区域适用性进行了分析.结果表明,广泛应用于各种酸化模型的三水铝石模式实际上并不适用,而修正后的三水铝石经验模式在土壤水pH值≥4时能够适用,经验常数可取pK=-2.40、 a=1.65（上层土壤）和pK=-2.82、a=1.66（下层土壤）.其他模式与经验三水铝石模式相比,模拟性能并无明显的改善.观测结果还表明,当pH<4时,pAl不随pH明显变化,这些模式均不能解释其机制.     

短信息

德国开发出"可印刷的"电池德国研究人员最近开发出了世界上首款"可印刷的"电池,它薄如纸张,用丝网印刷技术就能生产。据德新社报道,德国弗劳恩霍弗电子纳米系统研究所研发的这种"薄纸"电池每个质量不足1克,厚度不到1毫     

海水中痕量元素测定及其在重金属污染源判别方面的应用

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)研究了胶州湾及莱州湾这两个海域中痕量元素污染水平,发展了ICP-MS海水环境中痕量元素的测定方法,同时找出海水环境中具有保守性的数种元素作为污染示踪元素.达到对于海水环境中痕量污染物被动示踪的目的.对18个真实样品进行了识别率试验,识别率可达90%以上,在选取3个海水样品及1个河水样品混合后的模拟分担率实验,也取得了满意的结果,其误差平均值仅有1.17%.     

α-HCH在太湖地区环境中的长期迁移与残留的动态模拟

根据太湖地区1/4°×1/6°经纬度网格的地表特征及α-HCH施用量,建立了一个基于同精度网格系统, 包含迁移和传输2个模块的质量平衡模型. 迁移模块使用逸度方法描述α-HCH在每一个网格的多介质环境中的迁移过程,传输模块使用拉格朗日方法描述α-HCH在不同网格间的大气平流和水体径流. 模型模拟了α-HCH在研究区域开始施用至今(1952~2007年) α-HCH在5类4层土壤、气、水和底泥23个环境相中的积累、迁移和残留情况. 模拟值与实测α-HCH浓度对比验证表明两者吻合得很好. 环境温度是影响α-HCH在各环境介质中浓度的最重要因素. 模拟结果表明,在α-HCH使用时期,在土壤中的年积累趋势约为年使用量趋势的5.7%; 在停止使用后,其减少趋势为积累趋势的50%. 在α-HCH使用期间,太湖流域α-HCH的年使用量与其水-气界面沉积通量存在显著的相关性,而与土-气界面通量则无显著相关性. α-HCH停止使用后,太湖流域水-气界面通量表现为向大气的挥发,且自1985年其年挥发通量大于土-气挥发通量. 底泥是α-HCH水-气界面挥发的主要补给源. 2007年太湖流域内α-HCH大气浓度普遍高于流域外大气浓度. 整个模拟时段α-HCH的主要输出途径是流出太湖地区,且以大气平流为主;其次的减少途径是在环境介质中的降解,其中土壤降解量占绝大部分. 2007年环境中残留的α-HCH为总使用量的0.005%,以土壤残留量为主,其次是底泥.     

梧州多部门联合开展非煤矿山安全生产专项督查

近日,梧州市安委办组织市应急、公安、自然资源、生态环境等部门成立3个联合督查组开展非煤矿山安全生产专项督查,全方位保障梧州市非煤矿山企业安全平稳复工复产。督查组采取重点指导和实地检查的方式,对7个县(市、区)的有关部门、乡镇政府和17家非煤矿山企业进行抽查。     

基于最小能量原理的平衡图调节法在矿井通风系统优化中的应用

根据最小能量原理,采用平衡图调节法解决矿井通风网络中风压不平衡的问题,建立矿井通风网络优化模型。根据矿山基本情况和平衡图原理绘制出通风网络"平衡图",采用不同的变换方法使得"平衡图"真正达到平衡,进而得出不同的优化调节方案,并进行风压平衡的验证。应用最小能量原理选出能耗最低的调节方案。并且,运用基于最小能量原理的平衡图调节法解决了矿山的实际问题,结果表明,运用该方法能形象直观地反映出风量、风压及功率之间的关系,在解决通风网络中风压不平衡问题的同时,既形象直观,又使得经济费用最低,保证矿山安全高效生产。     

土壤碳淋溶流失研究进展

土壤碳的淋溶流失是指在水的作用下土壤中的碳沿着水文路径转移到水环境的过程。尽管这些流失量有限,却对陆地碳平衡核算具有重要影响。本文在总结了土壤碳淋溶流失研究的重要性、近年来相关领域取得的进展的基础上,指出已有研究的不足有:对土壤无机碳(SIC)的淋溶流失研究薄弱、缺乏野外实地观测、对土地利用变化影响土壤碳淋溶流失的过程与机制认识不足等。今后除了加强以上几个方面的研究外,还要综合利用同位素示踪和在线仪器观测等各种手段,开展"陆地-水生系统连续体"内多界面碳交换的综合研究。