油气长输管道工程建设项目的安全预评价

为了更好地对油气长输管道工程建设项目进行安全预评价,加强对新建管道工程的风险管理,针对油气长输管道工程的特点,分析了此类工程常用的评价方法及适用性,提出了安全预评价的重点、主要内容及依据等,并提出了进一步改进的建议。     

天津近海夏季大气颗粒物元素特征及来源解析

2006年夏季在天津近海海域走航采集总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,用于研究近海海域大气颗粒物污染特征和来源。采集到的样品通过重量分析得到颗粒物浓度,同时进行元素分析。并结合气象要素分析,显示陆源污染物在陆风影响下传输到海上,解释了采样期间近海海域TSP浓度较高的现象。研究使用富集因子和化学质量受体平衡(CMB)模型对近海海域TSP进行解析。通过富集因子分析,估计近海海域TSP来源主要有人为源、地壳源和海盐粒子源。CMB结果显示燃煤飞灰所代表的人为源对TSP贡献最大(36.14%),其次是地壳源类(33.26%)以及海盐粒子(1.58%),其他未识别的源为30.58%。由此推断陆地污染源对近海海域大气颗粒物的贡献远远高于海盐粒子,因此对渤海周围陆地污染源的控制应得到足够重视。     

康滇地轴东缘典型铅锌矿床伴生分散元素镉锗镓赋存状态与富集规律研究

分散元素在自然界含量很低,以分散状态存在,很少形成独立矿物和独立矿床,因此对矿床中伴生分散元素研究有重要的理论和现实意义。本次工作通过解剖康滇地轴东缘典型铅锌矿床——四川天宝山、四川大梁子和云南会泽,利用常规显微镜观察、电子探针分析和等离子质谱分析手段,分析研究了矿床中矿物和矿石中的分散元素镉锗镓赋存状态和富集规律,总结了分散元素镉锗镓的空间分布规律:由西向东,即自天宝山到大梁子到会泽,分散元素镉锗镓的含量有富镉-富镉镓-富锗的变化规律。     

2008年北京采暖开始前后大气颗粒物化学成分及来源研究

为了系统反映北京采暖开始前后大气颗粒物的特征,于2008年10月底到12月初在北京北三环内城区使用分级式撞击采样仪进行了大气颗粒物采样,并用质子激发X射线荧光分析(PIXE)方法对其中16种化学元素浓度进行了分析.结果表明,采暖开始后16种元素总浓度较采暖期前增长3%,As、Cu在采暖期间的浓度增幅在30%以上,采暖开始后细粒子中Pb浓度增长为27%.富集因子分析结果表明,Cu、As、Pb等元素细粒子的富集因子比1999年同期有明显减小,说明北京近年来实行的环保措施较为有效.     

聚乙烯醇微球预涂动态膜的制备及表征

为了提高微滤膜的抗污染性和降低膜组件的价格,利用循环预涂工艺制备出新型聚乙烯醇微球预涂动态膜（PVA-MS/PCDMs）.对不同聚乙烯醇微球预涂量的动态膜进行了系统表征,结果显示,PVA-MS/PCDMs的清水过滤阻力介于0.64×10¹⁰～3.84×10¹⁰ m^-1, 渗透性良好;当预涂量≥23.9 g·m^－２时,可达到微滤分离水平;亲水性随预涂量的增加而增强,动态接触角由基膜的118.25°降低到预涂量为61.9 g·m^－２时的61.52°;利用流动电位法在20℃,pH为8.0±0.2,0.01 mol·Ｌ^－１　KCl溶液的测试条件下,测得当预涂量为15.7 g·m^－２时膜面相对Zeta电位值可达-36.4　mV.并且,通过PVA-MS/PCDMs在SMBR中的短期通量衰减变化（恒压）和对EPS的扩散实验发现,预涂量为23.9～61.9 g·m^－２时,增加了对EPS的扩散渗透性能,且膜通量衰减趋于稳定时仍为基膜的3.5～4.8倍,即提高了抗污染性.     

衣藻细胞的重金属结合特性及其抗性机制

衣藻(Chlamydomonas)是隶属于绿藻门团藻目衣藻属的单细胞真核藻类。因其独特的结构与功能特性,衣藻具有高效的重金属结合能力,同时也表现出很高重金属抗性。目前利用衣藻去除工业污水中有害重金属,以及开展生物冶金等方面的研究已成为热点。文章对衣藻细胞的重金属结合特性,及其耐受重金属胁迫的抗性机制进行了深入地探讨和总结。主要内容包括:衣藻吸附重金属的动力学特征、影响吸附效率的因素、固定化衣藻对重金属的吸附与解吸附,衣藻细胞内的重金属结合因子、重金属转运蛋白等。     

工业危险废物在处置过程中的控制与管理

提出中国工业危险废物的现状入手,通过介绍危险废物在处置过程中的控制与管理技术,为中国危险废物处置单位在收集、贮存和处理处置等方面提供一些运行经验。     

Enhanced removal of organics by permanganate preoxidation using tannic acid as a model compound – Role of in situ formed manganese dioxide

The effect of permanganate preoxidation on organic matter removal during the coagulation with aluminum chloride was investigated using tannic acid as a model compound. Results showed that a small amount of KMnO4 (0.75 mg/L) increased the removal efficiency of tannic acid up to 20%, as compared to the process of coagulation by aluminum chloride alone. The key factor enhancing the removal efficiency of tannic acid in preoxidation process was the in situ formation of a reductant manganese dioxide. The complexation model was used to describe the reaction between MnO2 and tannic acid. Under weak pH condition, tannic acid was difficult to be adsorbed by MnO2 due to the static electrical repulsive forces. The presence of Ca2+ served as a bridge to hold the negative charged MnO2 and tannic acid together, which could be a crucial factor influencing tannic acid adsorption by in-situ manganese dioxide.     

An evaluation of the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of selected metals occurring in a wetland area on the volcanic island of Guam, Western Pacific Ocean

This initial research examined the presence, distribution and bioavailability of Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn and Fe in a wetland area of southern Guam. The research sites are within an area covered with saporite, a soil type derived from volcanic deposits on the island. Leaf tissue of Pandanus tectorius was extracted and analysed to determine the bioaccumulation of the target metals. Metal accumulation at sites considered aerobic and anaerobic was investigated together with an attempt to correlate actual accumulation of the target metals in the plant tissue with a recognised bioavailability indicator, in this case, three step sequential extraction scheme. Manganese was found to be accumulated in relatively high concentrations and to a lesser extent Cu was also accumulated. Chromium, Ni and Fe however exhibited very low accumulation factors. Accumulation of Mn in particular was significantly a ected by aerobic conditions whereas the converse e ect was experienced by Cu. Significant correlation between various steps of a Sequential Extraction Scheme and actual accumulation was not achieved although the degree of aerobic conditions at each site and soil pH did a ect concentrations of metals extracted by di ering steps of SES. Results obtained suggest that further research in the area should be undertaken using di erent plant species and tissues.     

铅锌矿区的植物修复研究进展

铅锌矿在给人们带来财富的同时,也给环境带来了严重的污染,对人们的健康造成危害,本文从铅锌矿区存在的问题着手,综述了前人对植物毒害机理、富集植物筛选及工程应用的进展,发现中外没有统一的重金属超富集植物和富集植物的资源库,容易进行重复试验,浪费资源,且植物修复的研究大多数局限于盆栽和水培试验,大规模的铅锌矿区试验和工程应用较少,未将试验成果及时运用于实践,使得铅锌矿区修复进程缓慢,建议将植物-土壤-动物进行组合修复铅锌矿区。