再加热步进炉仪表系统自动化节能改造

本文描述了采用SIEMENS S7 414-5H CPU和WINCC等自动化产品实现再加热步进炉的自动控制。网络拓扑结合了Profibus-DP冗余现场总线和以太网(TCP/IP),使用STEP7编程实现了双交叉PID,使用WINCC软件实现了各工艺子系统画面以及参数监控、报表打印等功能。实现了用户控温节能的目的。     

嘉善冬季PM2.5化学组分特征及来源分析

为研究嘉兴地区嘉善冬季污染时段和清洁时段PM_2.5化学组分特征,结合气象数据对2019年1月嘉兴市嘉善县善西超级站在线自动监测PM_2.5及化学组分数据、气态污染物(NO₂和SO₂)进行了分析.结果表明,2019年1月嘉善善西超级站污染时段PM_2.5浓度(97.18μg·m^-3)为清洁时段(36.77μg·m^-3)的2.6倍.污染时段水溶性离子浓度(41.58μg·m^-3)较清洁时段(19.82μg·m^-3)高21.76μg·m^-3,但占比有所降低,含碳组分比例增加.OC;EC比值为3.93,可能受到燃煤及机动车排放的共同影响.低风速及高湿有利于NO₂和SO₂等气态污染物进行二次转化,污染时段硫转化率和氮转化率均比清洁时段高,分别增高7.93%和54.11%,说明NOx向硝酸盐二次转化较为明显,导致颗粒物浓度升高.聚类分析结果显示67.34%气流来自北方,且相应的气流轨迹上污染物浓度比周边高,说明污染物存在一定的长距离输送.结合风玫瑰图可以看出,污染主要为本地及其周边的输送,污染物的长距离输送在短时会使污染浓度突增.因此,在重点关注本地及周边污染的同时,偏北气流下的污染物区域输送不可忽视.     

城市森林大气PM2.5中水溶性无机离子沉降特征

森林被誉为"地球之肺",在防霾治污方面有其独特不可替代的作用,不同树种沉降PM_2.5的功能有很大差别.本文选取代表性城市森林——奥林匹克森林公园为研究对象,设置垂直监测塔观测大气PM_2.5的浓度垂直分布,以考察不同季节城市森林对PM_2.5中各组分的影响.在冬季、春季和夏季各采集PM_2.5样品,分析并计算PM_2.5中Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg2⁺、Ca2⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-等典型水溶性无机离子的浓度.结果表明,PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子总浓度呈规律性变化特征:冬季((56.90±27.38)μg·m-3)>春季((46.69±12.24)μg·m^-3)>夏季((23.16±8.75)μg·m^-3).其中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度和占PM_2.5主要水溶性无机离子总浓度的50%以上.3个季节中,除冬季外,在春季和夏季,8种离子有明显的垂直方向上的沉降,夏季的沉降速率高于春季,但是春季由于大气颗粒物浓度高,沉降通量高于夏季.NO₃^-和SO₄^2-垂直方向的沉降量在所有可溶性无机离子中最高.植被密度、叶面积指数、气象条件等因素对于PM_2.5的沉降特征有明显影响.     

Airborne bacteria associated with particulate matter from a highly urbanised metropolis: A potential risk to the population’s health

• The airborne bacteria of Mexico City are representative of urban environments. • Particle material<10 µm influenced the type and quantity of airborne bacteria. • The diversity and richness of bacteria were higher in the rainy season. • The emission & transport of airborne bacteria determine the atmosphere’s microbiome. • Bacterias as Kocuria, Paracoccus, and Staphylococcus were in the air of Mexico City. Bacteria in the air present patterns in space and time produced by different sources and environmental factors. Few studies have focused on the link between airborne pathogenic bacteria in densely populated cities, and the risk to the population’s health. Bacteria associated with particulate matter (PM) were monitored from the air of Mexico City (Mexico). We employed a metagenomic approach to characterise bacteria using the 16S rRNA gene. Airborne bacteria sampling was carried out in the north, centre, and south of Mexico City, with different urbanisation rates, during 2017. Bacteria added to the particles were sampled using high-volume PM₁₀ samplers. To ascertain significant differences in bacterial diversity between zones and seasons, the Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon tests were done on alpha diversity parameters. Sixty-three air samples were collected, and DNA was sequenced using next-generation sequencing. The results indicated that the bacterial phyla in the north and south of the city were Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, while in the central zone there were more Actinobacteria. There were no differences in the alpha diversity indices between the sampled areas. According to the OTUs, the richness of bacteria was higher in the central zone. Alpha diversity was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season; the Shannon index and the OTUs observed were higher in the central zone in the dry season. Pathogenic bacteria such as Kocuria, Paracoccus, and Micrococcus predominated in both seasonal times, while Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Nocardioides were found during the rainy season, with a presence in the central zone.     

The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Measured Urban PM10 and PM2.5 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

We have studied particulate matter (PM) concentrations,PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, measured in an urban air qualitymonitoring network in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area during1997–1999. The data includes PM₁₀ concentrationsmeasured at five locations (two urban traffic, one suburbantraffic, one urban background and one regional backgroundsite) and PM_2.5 concentrations measured at twolocations (urban traffic and urban background sites). Theconcentrations of PM₁₀ show a clear diurnal variation,as well as a spatial variation within the area. Bycontrast, both the spatial and temporal variation of thePM_2.5 concentrations was moderate. We have analysedthe evolution of urban PM concentrations in terms of therelevant meteorological parameters in the course of oneselected peak pollution episode during 21–31 March, 1998.The meteorological variables considered included wind speedand direction, ambient temperature, precipitation, relativehumidity, atmospheric pressure at the ground level,atmospheric stability and mixing height. The elevated PMconcentrations during the 1998 March episode were clearlyrelated to conditions of high atmospheric pressure,relatively low ambient temperatures and low wind speeds inpredominantly stable atmospheric conditions. The resultsprovide indirect evidence indicating that the PM₁₀concentrations originate mainly from local vehiculartraffic (direct emissions and resuspension), while thePM_2.5 concentrations are mostly of regionally andlong-range transported origin.     

PM10, O3, CO Concentrations and Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles in a School Building

Measurements of indoor and outdoor PM10, as well as indoor O₃ and CO concentrations were conducted and are presented here. These measurements were carried out at an institute building, located in a suburban industrial area in Greece. Both indoor and outdoor PM10 samples were also collected and their elemental composition was identified by ED-XRF analysis. Twenty seven major, minor and trace elements were identified. The measurements took place generally in different periods of institute operation, from June 2004 to February 2005. The indoor PM10 concentrations which were measured during the normal operation period of the institute were found to be many times higher than the respective outdoor PM10 concentrations of the same periods. On the contrary, the indoor PM10 concentrations which were measured during the holiday period were found to be lower than their corresponding outdoor values. Indoor O₃ and CO concentrations were found to be in low level. Indoor PM10 concentrations were found to be in a relative good correlation with O₃ (r = 0.45) and in high correlation (r = 0.98) with CO concentrations. On average, total elements concentrations were much higher indoors relative to outdoors. Based on above findings we attempted to determine the pollution sources of the indoor environment and to investigate some parameters or chemical processes that affect indoor pollutants’ levels.     

Effect of hybridization with genome exclusion on extinction risk

Human‐induced habitat changes may lead to the breakdown of reproductive barriers between distantly related species. This phenomenon may result in fertile first‐generation hybrids (F₁) that exclude the genome of one parental species during gametogenesis, thus disabling introgression. The species extinction risk associated with hybridization with genome exclusion is largely underappreciated because the phenomenon produces only F₁ hybrid phenotype, leading to the misconception that hybrids are sterile and potentially of minor conservation concern. We used a simulation model that integrates the main genetic, demographic, and ecological processes to examine the dynamics of hybridization with genome exclusion. We showed that this mode of hybridization may lead to extremely rapid extinction when the process of genome exclusion is unbalanced between the interbreeding species and when the hybridization rate is not negligible. The coexistence of parental species was possible in some cases of asymmetrical genome exclusion, but show this equilibrium was highly vulnerable to environmental variation. Expanding the exclusive habitat of the species at risk allowed its persistence. Our results highlight the extent of possible extinction risk due to hybridization with genome exclusion and suggest habitat management as a promising conservation strategy. In anticipation of serious threats to biodiversity due to hybridization with genome exclusion, we recommend a detailed assessment of the reproductive status of hybrids in conservation programs. We suggest such assessments include the inspection of genetic content in hybrid gametes.     

2015年长三角地区城市PM2.5时空格局及影响因素分析

PM_2.5浓度值增加对大气能见度、人体健康和气候变化有着重要影响。采用2015年长三角地区监测数据,运用探索性空间数据分析法和相关系数法,分析长三角地区城市PM_2.5污染的时空格局和影响因素,结果表明：（1）2015年长三角地区城市PM_2.5年均浓度值为54.54 μg/m³,季节变化总体呈现春冬高夏秋低的季节性周期变化规律,1月和12月为一年中PM_2.5污染最严重的月份,污染范围最广,5~9月是PM_2.5浓度值优良时段,日均值春季和冬季的波动周期较短而剧烈,夏季和秋季波动周期相对较长而平缓。（2）2015年长三角地区城市PM_2.5年均浓度值整体上从江苏到浙江呈减少趋势,具有北高南低,局部突出的特征。（3）长三角地区城市PM_2.5浓度空间上存在集聚现象,低值集聚主要分布在浙江沿海地区,高值集聚主要分布在苏南地区。（4）燃烧排放的烟尘和前体物的二次转化对长三角地区PM_2.5浓度有显著影响。风速和降水量是影响PM_2.5浓度的两个重要气象因素。     

使用道路抑尘剂控制北京PM2.5、PM10、NOx污染的应用及评价研究

使用道路抑尘剂对北京市丰台区看丹桥附近区域进行了道路抑尘处理,总共喷洒路面40万m²,在喷洒路面及对照路面分别设置了采样点,监测喷洒前后空气中PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO_x浓度情况,并对收集的颗粒物中水溶性阴离子成分和元素成分进行了分析。结果表明,通过喷洒道路抑尘剂可以在一定范围内改善大气污染状况,其对PM₁₀的控制作用最为明显,PM₁₀去除率达到25.0%;PM_^2.5次之,去除率为12.0%;对NO_x则在短期内较为有效,去除率为20.1%。道路抑尘剂也能对大气中的某些特定阴离子成分及无机元素成分具有较好的控制作用。     

火电厂电除尘器应用现状及新技术探讨

GB 13223-2011《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》的实施,对电除尘器行业来说将面临前所未有的压力和挑战。概述了国内外火电厂电除尘器的应用现状及存在的问题,重点探讨了烟气预处理技术、电除尘本体技术、高频电源技术、一体化、协同技术等新技术的开发应用情况及其适用性,提出电除尘技术今后的发展方向主要以本体创新、新型电源开发及多污染物协同脱除为主。