Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N₂O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N₂O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N₂O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N₂O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N₂O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N₂O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N₂O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N₂O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N₂O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N₂O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N₂O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N₂O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N₂O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates.     

建设用地扩张与碳排放效应的库兹涅茨曲线假说及验证

论文基于无锡市1996—2008年的土地利用和能源消耗数据,分析了无锡市13 a间建设用地扩张及碳排放特征,并构建了建设用地比例与碳排放强度之间的库兹涅茨曲线模型,对无锡市建设用地扩张与碳排放效应之间的相关关系进行了实证研究,尝试验证库兹涅茨曲线在建设用地扩张与碳排放强度之间的存在性。结果表明:①建设用地总量在1996—2008年间迅速增长,绝对增长量44 032.97 hm²,且除了农村居民点逐渐下降以外,其余地类均呈逐年增长态势,无锡市1996—2008年间的碳排放基本上也呈现逐年增长趋势,绝对增长量1 936.38×10⁴ t;②建设用地总量与碳排放强度之间呈倒U型曲线关系,即随着建设用地扩张至拐点后,碳排放强度则逐渐下降,且拐点位于建设用地比例1.91%附近,但是目前仅仅刚开始出现拐点的迹象,表明目前无锡市建设用地扩张还未完全达到集约及精明增长的标准,建设用地扩张对碳排放而言仍然具有较强的推动作用,但是可以预见,随着产业结构调整和能源技术的提高,碳排放强度会逐渐进入下降的阶段;③城市用地与碳排放强度之间为三次曲线关系,建制镇用地、农村居民点用地与碳排放强度之间分别为正相关和负相关线性关系,其他建设用地与碳排放强度之间则存在一种不明显的库兹涅茨曲线关系。建设用地地类组成的不同会导致不同形态的库兹涅茨曲线,由于城市用地和建制镇用地对碳排放具有明显的驱动作用,其比例的提高亦会促使库兹涅茨曲线更加陡峭,并延缓库兹涅茨曲线拐点的到来。     

Absorption characteristics of new solvent based on a blend of AMP and 1,8-diamino-p-menthane for CO2 absorption

Aqueous 1,8-diamino-p-menthane (KIER-C3) and commercially available amine solutions were tested for CO₂ absorption. A 2-amino- 2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) solution with an addition of KIER-C3 showed 9.3% and 31.6% higher absorption rate for CO₂ than the AMP solution with an addition of monoethanolamine (MEA) and ammonia (NH₃), respectively. The reaction rate constant for CO₂ absorption by the AMP/KIER-C3 solution was determined by the following equation: k_2,AMP/C3 = 7.702×10⁶ exp (-2248.03/T). A CO₂ loading ratio of the AMP/KIER-C3 solution was also 2 and 3.4-times higher than that of the AMP/NH3 solution and the AMP/MEA solution, respectively. Based on the experimental results, KIER-C3 may be used as an excellent additive to increase CO₂ absorption capability of AMP.     

碳源对工业污染场地土壤中HCHs和DDTs降解的促进作用

我国对有机氯农药的大量需求使得在农药生产、加工和分装等过程中造成了许多城镇中存在有机氯农药污染场地,限制了土地的后续开发利用.本研究选取3种类型的碳源组成有机修复剂A、B、C,添加到受有机氯工业污染场地土壤中进行微生物降解试验,并对比了3种修复剂的效果.试验过程中,反应体系水分含量为50％,添加零价金属调节氧化还原电位,采用好氧/厌氧交替循环方式进行生物降解.实验结果表明:3种修复剂对HCHs和DDTs的降解都有显著促进作用.与DDTs相比,HCHs较易降解.90 d内,添加修复剂(A、B、C)的处理中∑HCH的浓度分别从73.37~85.71 mg·kg^-1降解到了15.88~38.21 mg·kg^-1.与未添加修复剂的对照相比较,∑HCH的降解率提高了19%~52%,90 d内,ΣHCH的降解率最高可达81%.添加修复剂(A、B、C)的处理中ΣDDT的浓度分别从91.68~119.79 mg·kg^-1降解到了45.1~60.7 mg·kg^-1,相对未添加修复剂的对照试验,∑DDT的降解率提高了39%~45%,30 d内∑DDT的降解率最高可达到51%,但30 d后降解效率无明显增加.就不同类型碳源的促进作用来看,C/N最高,而含水率最低的修复剂B的效果最好,而C/N比最低而含水率最高的修复剂A效果最差.     

中国泥炭地有机碳储量与储存特征分析

根据全国泥炭资源调查的结果, 运用有机质含量、干容重、泥炭储量、泥炭地面积等数据估算中国泥炭地有机碳储量,并探讨其碳储存特征.结果表明,我国泥炭地有机碳总储量约15.03亿t.在各省和各气候区分布不均匀,四川省(6.45亿t)和云南省(2.91亿t)泥炭地有机碳储量最丰富,占总储量的62.29%.各气候区中高原湿润区泥炭地有机碳储量最大(7.14亿t),特别是若尔盖高原泥炭地有机碳储量(6.30亿t)占总储量的41.92%.我国泥炭地有机碳密度一般在80~140kg/m3, 最大值为270~360kg/m3,最小值小于80kg/m3,其分布以燕山、太行山至横断山为界,西北部低,东南部高.泥炭地单位面积有机碳储量均值为143.97kg/m2,滇南高原最高,达到637.06kg/m2.区域平均泥炭地有机碳积累强度为208.23 t/km2,若尔盖高原最高达3972.71t/km2.     

借鉴国外经验建立与完善我国低碳产品认证制度

面对全球日益兴起的“低碳经济”理念,包括我国在内的很多国家都将其作为转变经济发展方式实现绿色发展的契机。低碳产品认证是推进中国低碳经济走向绿色发展的重要举措。本文通过借鉴国外低碳产品认证的经验,提出应从关注环境保护与气候变化协同效应、选择适合的产品类型、逐渐实现产品生命周期碳排放管理等方面提升和推动我国低碳产品认证工作的发展。     

水体中二甲胺的吸附与氧化降解

模拟二甲胺的水体污染,采用静态实验装置,从吸附的热力学和动力学方向,讨论活性炭对水体中二甲胺的降解情况;同时讨论了Fenton氧化-活性炭联合法降解二甲胺的效果。结果表明,活性炭吸附二甲胺是一个放热自发的过程,在常温下吸附符合Langmuir的吸附等温模型,吸附速率较慢,在90 min左右才能够达到吸附平衡,同时,溶液的pH值越大,活性炭对二甲胺的吸附作用越明显;而Fenton氧化-活性炭联合法对高浓度的二甲胺溶液降解效果明显,当按H2O2 2.4 mL/L,FeSO.47H2O 12 mg/L,活性炭0.2 g/L的比例投加药剂时,二甲胺的去除率在99%以上,溶液COD的去除率达到81.6%。     

污泥活性炭理化性质表征及吸附抗生素效果研究

文章以北京方庄污水处理厂的浓缩和脱水污泥为原料,采用ZnCl2活化法分别制备污泥活性炭。对制得的污泥活性炭进行表征,并将其应用于加替沙星废水的处理。研究2种污泥活性炭吸附反应的吸附时间、吸附剂投加量、pH值、初始浓度4个因子对吸附量的影响,设计正交实验。正交实验结果表明:2种污泥活性炭受到4个因子影响程度相当,表现出明显的相似性,但短期吸附时,脱水污泥表现出更好的吸附性能。初始浓度对吸附量的影响最大,获得最大吸附量的条件组合为:初始浓度200 mg/L,投加量0.05 g,pH=9,t=2 h。浓缩和脱水污泥活性炭的最大吸附量分别可达34.541 mg/g和34.925 mg/g,表明2种污泥活性炭对加替沙星均有良好的吸附效果。污泥活性炭作为一种废水吸附剂,是废水处理的一种新途径。     

再生条件对钾基CO_2吸附剂吸附性能的影响

通过固定床实验研究了再生条件对钾基CO2吸附剂吸附性能的影响。深入分析了再生温度和气氛对吸附穿透时间和饱和吸附量的影响。研究发现,当再生温度为200℃,N2气氛下再生时效果最佳,在此条件下再生后钾基CO2吸附剂循环性能良好,10次循环后仍然能有很好的吸附效果;再生气氛中有H2O或CO2时会影响再生反应的进行,不利于吸附剂的再生。     

营养条件对污水中小球藻生长及产能效应的影响

以过滤的富营养化的鱼塘废水为培养液,添加外源的碳、氮、磷元素,考察污水中不同的外源无机碳浓度、总氮浓度、总磷浓度对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生长、油脂含量和烃类含量的影响。在25℃、光照强度为4 500 Lux、光暗比为12L:12D的条件下培养10 d。单因子方差分析和多重比较结果表明:(1)以Na2CO3做碳源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在外源无机碳浓度为6 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在外源无机碳浓度为12 mg/L最高。(2)以KNO3做氮源,小球藻生物量在总氮浓度为25 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总氮浓度为15 mg/L时最高,烃含量在总氮浓度为20 mg/L时最高。(3)以KH2PO4做磷源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在总磷浓度为2 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总磷浓度为1.5 mg/L时最高。