4种农药在稻田水中的残留降解

对乐果、杀虫单、丁草胺和氰戊菊酯４种 经，在稻田水中的残留降解情况，进行了及比较。结果表明，４种农药在稻田水中的残留降解符合Ｃ－Ｃｏ．３＾ｋｔ或Ｃ＝Ａ．ｅ＾－１６＋Ｂ．３＾βｉ的数学式，据此可计算其平均降解半衰期（ｔ０．５）分别为：１．８６、１．３５、０．８８和０．３８ｄ，其中丁草胺和氰戊菊酯的降解前快后慢，氰戊菊酯的降解愉丁乐果，土壤吸附氰戊菊酯是其降解快的重要原因，脂溶性农药对水环境的污染要轻     

Automobile recycling in the United States: Energy impacts and waste generation

Changes in the trends in the material composition of domestic and imported automobiles and the increasing cost of landfilling the non-recyclable portion of automobiles (automobile shredder residue or ASR) pose questions about the future of automobile recycling in the United States. In response to these challenges, new and innovative approaches to automobile recycling are being developed. This paper presents the findings of a recent study to examine the impacts of these changes on the life cycle energy consumption of automobiles and on the quantity of waste that must be disposed of. Given the recycle status quo, trends in material composition and the viability of recycling the non-metallic components of the typical automobile are of secondary importance when compared to the energy consumed during the life of the automobile. The energy savings resulting from small changes in the fuel efficiency of a vehicle overshadow potential energy losses associated with the adoption of new and possibly non-recyclable materials. Under status quo conditions, the life cycle energy consumed by the typical automobile is projected to decrease from 599 million Btus in 1992 to 565 million Btus in 2000. Energy consumed during the manufacture of the typical car will increase from about 120 to 140 million Btus between 1992 and 2000, while energy used during vehicle operation will decrease from 520 to 480 million Btus. This study projects that energy saved at the recycle step will increase from 41 million Btus in 1992 to 55 million Btus in 2000. This study also investigated the energy impacts of several potential changes to the recycle status quo, including the adoption of technologies to retrieve the heat value of ASR by incineration and the recycle of some or all thermoplastics in the typical automobile. The study estimates that under optimistic conditions —i.e., the recycling of all thermoplastics and the incineration with heat recovery of all remaining ASR —about 8 million Btus could be saved per automobile —i.e., an increase from about 55 to 63 million Btus. In the more realistic scenario —i.e., the recycling of easy-to-remove thermoplastic components (bumper covers and dash-boards) —the potential energy savings are about 1 million Btus per vehicle. It is estimated that the annual quantity of ASR in the United States could be reduced from about 5 billion pounds to as little as 1 billion pounds of ash if all ASR is incinerated. Alternatively, ASR quantity could be reduced to about 4 billion pounds if all thermoplastics in automobiles are recycled. However, in the case of recycling only thermoplastic bumper covers and dashboards, the quantity of ASR would be reduced by only 0.2 billion pounds. A significant reduction or increase in the size of the ASR waste stream will not in itself have a large impact on the solid waste stream in the United States.     

Utilization of nano/micro-size iron recovered from the fine fraction of automobile shredder residue for phenol degradation in water

Phenol removal by n/m Fe in the presence of H₂O₂ was highly effective. Increasing the amounts of n/m Fe and H₂O₂?increased the phenol removal rate. Phenol removal was decreased with an increase in the concentration of phenol. The natural pH (6.9) of the solution was highly effective for phenol removal. The pseudo-first-order kinetics was best fitted for the degradation of phenol. The study investigates the magnetic separation of Fe from automobile shredder residue (ASR) (<0.25 mm) and its application for phenol degradation in water. The magnetically separated Fe was subjected to an ultrasonically assisted acid treatment, and the degradation of phenol in an aqueous solution using nano/micro-size Fe (n/m Fe) was investigated in an effort to evaluate the possibility of utilizing n/m Fe to remove phenol from wastewater. The prepared n/m Fe was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of the dosages of n/mFe, pH, concentration of phenol and amount of H₂O₂ on phenol removal were evaluated. The results confirm that the phenol degradation rate was improved with an increase in the dosages of n/mFe and H₂O₂; however, the rate is reduced when the phenol concentration is higher. The degradation of phenol by n/mFe followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The value of the reaction rate constant (k) was increased as the amounts of n/m Fe and H₂O₂ increased. Conversely, the value of k was reduced when the concentration of phenol was increased. The probable mechanism behind the degradation of phenol by n/m Fe is the oxidation of phenol through hydroxyl radicals which are produced during the reaction between H₂O₂ and n/m Fe.     

柴油车尾气残余物有机污染特征及其环境危害

利用大型烃分析仪(GHM)对小型柴油车尾气排气管内的黑色残余物进行了定量和定性分析,讨论了残余物质中所含各种类型有机污染物的数量和组成特征。研究结果表明,柴油机在燃烧过程中存在着不完全燃烧现象,尾气黑色残余物中含有129.17mg/g的有机污染物,它们大多为可造成严重环境污染的高熔点、强毒性的重质极性有机污染物。     

End-of-life vehicle recycling and automobile shredder residue management in Japan

The Japanese Government introduced the Law on Recycling of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV Recycling Law) in 2002. This law requires manufacturers to retrieve chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), airbags, and automobile shredder residue (ASR) from ELVs and to properly recycle the remaining materials. This framework is compared with European ELV directives. Pilot-scale incineration plant testing has revealed a greater formation of by-product persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during the primary combustion of ASR compared to normal municipal solid waste. This may be attributed to the abundance of chlorine, Cu, and Fe in ASR, as Cu and Fe have been found to catalyze the formation of POPs under certain conditions. However, most by-product POPs were destroyed by the secondary combustion, and almost all were removed after flue gas treatment. The direct melting system is a shaft-type gasification and melting technology that has proved effective in many municipal solid waste applications. This system can be applied to ASR recycling for effective decomposition of brominated flame retardants and polybrominated dioxins.     

硫化砷渣全湿法制备单质砷的研究

以硫化砷渣为原料,用氯化铜酸性溶液浸出砷渣的全湿法进行实验,着重研究氯化铜浸出砷的过程中氯化铜用量、溶液p H和浸出时间对砷浸出率的影响,探讨用氯化亚锡还原砷盐酸溶液从硫化砷渣得到单质砷的方法。     

Effect of Florasulam on soil residues and enzyme activity of wheat in drylands北大核心CSCD

Florasulam is a three azole and pyrimidine sulfonamide herbicide, mainly used for weeds prevention and control in winter wheat fields. The main purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of different doses of Florasulam on soil residues and on the enzymatic activity of wheat cultivated in drylands, and to provide the theoretical basis for a scientific use of florasulam. Five doses (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mL/667 m2) of Florasulam were applied in order to detect differences in soil residue content and enzymatic activities. Soil residues and enzymatic activities (catalase, phosphatase, urease, dehydrogenase) were measured and analyzed after the 5 different doses of Florasulam were processed. The residual amount of Florasulam in the soils decreased gradually with the growth phase of wheat, and was lower than that of 0.01 mg/kg. The residual amount of Florasulam in different soil layers gradually decreased with the increase of soil thickness. The enzymatic activity of soils treated with Florasulam was basically T3 > T2 > T1 > CK > T4, where T3 was the highest, whereas T4 could inhibit the enzymatic activity. Under these experimental conditions, in order to decrease soil pollution and lower Florasulam residues, it is recommended to apply Florasulam at a concentration range of 30 to 45 mL/667 m2 © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

聚硅酸氯化铝铁絮凝剂制备及絮凝效果的研究

以粉煤灰和硫铁矿烧渣两种工业固体废弃物为主要原料,制取聚硅酸氯化铝铁(PSAFC)无机高分子絮凝剂。粉煤灰、硫铁矿烧渣和纯碱按1：1：0．8混合．在800～900(焙烧15～30min,用定量1：1盐酸浸取,固体溶出率高达94％,陈化后即为PSAFC絮凝剂。通过模拟和真实印染废水絮凝试验．表明PSAFC絮凝效果与聚合氯化铝(PAC)相当,在沉降速度、污泥体积等方面要优于PAC,且成本比PAC低．具有较大的市场前景。     

RAPID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION OF CARBARYL AND METHOPRENE IN GRAINS

In order for grain handlers and traders to reliably estimate residues of grain protectants in the field, antibody-based rapid tests were developed for carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) and methoprene [isopropyl (E,E)-(RS)-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate]. To complement the rapid analysis, a simple and rapid extraction technique was developed. In these tests, a pesticide-containing methanol extract of the grain sample and an enzyme-labeled component are added to precoated strips. After a brief incubation, the strips are washed and a substrate/chromogen for the enzyme is added. The color developed is stopped by acidification and the results are read either by eye or in a portable field photometer. The overall test time is under 20 minutes. For carbaryl, the test had a limit of detection of 4.5 ppb (1.1 ppm in grain), while the methoprene test had a limit of detection of 4 ppb (1 ppm in grain) based on the lower datum point, which is 15% inhibition, in the standard curves. Both assays can be used as a screening test for carbaryl and methoprene in animal feed grains.     

南京市机动车排气污染现状分析

阐述了南京市机动车发展现状、道路交通现状和机动车污染监测情况,对机动车排放因子、机动车污染、交通干线的污染物日排放特征、机动车源排放污染物的分担率以及机动车尾气污染物排放进行了分析和预测。指出南京市机动车污染状况必须采取有效措施加以控制,并提出了贯彻机动车尾气控制标准,完善污染控制管理机制;重点控制公交、出租和专业物流的机动车污染;严格控制车用油品质量;建立车辆污染数据库;加快道路建设,运用交通综合管理制度削减污染;实施保护区和控制区管理以及实施机动车标志管理等合理化建议。