Environmental behaviors of phoxim with two formulations in bamboo forest under soil surface mulching

Phoxim (emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and granules (G)) has been widely used in bamboo forests. The persistence and magnitude of phoxim residues in the crop and soil must be investigated to ensure human and environmental safety. The environmental behaviors of the two formulations were investigated in a bamboo forest under soil surface mulching conditions (CP) and non-covered cultivation conditions (NCP). The half-lives of phoxim in soil under the two conditions in soil were 4.1–6.2 days (EC) and 31.5–49.5 days (G), respectively. Phoxim in EC could be leached from the topsoil into the subsoil. A minimized leaching effect was observed for G under NCP. Inversely, an enhanced leaching effect was observed for G under CP. The G formulation resulted in more parent compound (in bamboo shoots) and metabolite (in soil) residues of phoxim than in the case of EC, especially under CP conditions. In addition, the intensity and duration of the formulation effect on soil pH adjustment from G were more obvious than that from EC. Results showed that the environmental behaviors (distribution, degradation, residue) of phoxim in the bamboo forest were significantly influenced by the type of formulation. The prolongation effect from phoxim G might cause persistence and long-term environmental risk. However, bamboo shoot consumption could be considered relatively safe after applying the recommended dose of the two phoxim formulations.     

汽车,环境与人类

本文介绍了汽车排气污染、交通噪声等对生态环境和人类健康的危害,探讨了调控对策。     

山东省汽车喷涂行业VOCs排放特征研究

采用气袋采样-气相色谱/质谱法,采集并分析了山东省内小型通用车、货车、电动商务车以及半挂车4类典型汽车喷涂企业挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特征。结果表明:山东省汽车喷涂企业中VOCs排放总量以及检出数量排序为:半挂车喷涂企业电动商务车喷涂企业货车喷涂企业小型通用车喷涂企业。各类汽车喷涂企业喷漆以及烘干车间排放的VOCs大多以苯类物质为主(小型通用车面漆烘干车间除外),在小型通用车以及半挂车涂装企业废气中烷烃类物质占比较大。不同企业以及各企业不同工序之间特征VOCs排放浓度有较大差别,喷漆车间特征VOCs浓度要远高于烘干车间。     

林丹在作物和土壤中的残留及其消解

通过不同施药方法,探讨了林丹在小麦、玉米中的残留水平。结果表明,林丹在作物中的残留量随施药量的增加而递增。采用喷雾,4(a.i.)g/亩,林丹在小麦中的残留为0.0073ppm;土壤处理,100(a.i.)g/亩,林丹在小麦中的残留为0.0134ppm;撒颗粒剂,0.015(a.i.)g/株,林丹在玉米中的残留为0.0600ppm.林丹在土壤中消解很快,当土壤处理[200(a.i.)g/亩],林丹在土壤中的半衰期为23.7～25.2d,消解99％需160d左右。作者认为,在我国部分害虫防治中起用林丹不可能对生态环境构成威胁。      

Possibilities and limitations of ecotoxicological testing of chemicals

This study concerns the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) emission from gasoline and diesel automobile engines.

The sampling procedure, the extraction and the analytical method are presented. Using the gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry technique it is possible to detect and quantify easily about 15 PAH's. Data obtained on exhaust particles collected from gasoline and diesel automobile engines are presented and discussed.     

天然气汽车尾气污染控制的研究进展

综述了国外天然气汽车排放及控制的研究进展，以及排放污染物CO、CO2、NOx、THC、苯、甲醛、乙醛及1-3丁二烯等天然汽汽车排放控制技术仅相当于美国70年代的水平。     

汽车尾气对动物的生物学效应研究

采用动物气管内注入粒物与吸入不同稀释度的汽车尾气等染毒方法，研究其生物效应。结果显示，动物受试后，大鼠肺灌洗液乳酸脱氢酶活性增加，酸性磷酸酶，碱性磷酸酶性和白蛋白含量明显升高，肺巨噬细胞减少，而大鼠血液中ＣＯＨｂ显著增加，小鼠骨髓细胞微核率在中浓度组亦显著增加，３者增呈现良好的测量一反应关系。试验说明，汽车尾气气体部分和颗粒物的毒性作用高于柴油车。     

以石油酸为主要原料的重油乳化剂的研制

采用石油酸与三乙醇胺，非离子型表面活性剂复配制备了一种廉价的重油乳化剂，最佳配方为石油酸500mg，三乙醇胺25mg，非离子表面活性剂2为25mg，乳化助剂H20mg,pH11（共占乳化油总质量的0．57％），可使油水质量比为70：30的油包水型乳化重油在80℃下稳定36h，实验过程中采用均匀设计与调优软件进行实验方案的设计和实验结果的优化，考察了乳化剂中石油酸与三乙醇胺和非离子表面活性剂量的协同作用以及PH的影响。结果表明，组分间交互作用明显，在不同的配方下，组分的作用会有很大变化，有时甚至会是相反的。     

提高柴油质量减少汽车排气污染

柴油机车应用于道路运输具有许多优点，但环境保护要求减少排气污染、颗粒排放污染至关重要，为此，强化柴油燃料规格是其主要的驱动力。本文介绍了美国，西欧和亚太地区柴油质量现状和趋势，分析了我国柴油燃料质量及其改进意见。     

垃圾焚烧炉残渣处理技术探讨

简要介绍了垃圾焚烧残渣的处理技术,并就其原理、优缺点、应用现状进行了讨论,最后指出了该领域的发展方 向。