解淀粉芽孢杆菌对水中丁草胺的降解及影响

用解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)作为试验菌种,对除草剂丁草胺(N-丁氧甲基氯-2′-氯-2′,6′-二乙基乙酰替苯胺)在水介质中的微生物降解进行了研究.筛选了解淀粉芽孢杆菌降解丁草胺的最佳试验条件,研究了不同初始pH和添加外源腐殖酸对丁草胺微生物降解的影响.用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测了丁草胺残留量和降解产物,用红外光谱法(FTIR)分析测定了反应前后腐殖酸的变化情况.结果表明:解淀粉芽孢杆菌对丁草胺具有明显的降解效果,丁草胺初始质量浓度越高,其降解速率和降解效率也越高,碱性条件下丁草胺的降解率明显比酸性条件下高;腐殖酸的加入不仅能吸附丁草胺还能促进细菌对丁草胺的微生物降解,并能影响丁草胺的微生物降解产物.      

具有N_2O控逸能力的异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株的筛选鉴定

利用BTB平板培养基以及硝化-反硝化性能测定,从实验室驯化成熟的SBR反应器中筛选出3株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌.其中WYLW1-6菌株的硝化-反硝化性能尤为突出,经16S rDNA基因序列分析和Biolog测定,该菌株属于蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).在摇瓶培养时,对该菌株设计L4(23)的正交试验,结果发现,菌株WYLW1-6投加到水中后启动迅速,且生长适应性强,优选条件下,其氨氮最大去除率可达95.21%.用发酵罐对其扩大培养测定N2O逸出量,表明该菌脱氮效果良好,NH4+-N去除率达到97.19%,TN去除率为96.63%,N2O逸出量为1.849 2 mg,其中N2O-N量为1.176 8 mg,N2O-N量占水中脱除TN量的0.598%.菌株WYLW1-6能够独立完成生物脱氮的全过程,高效脱氮的同时N2O逸出量低.该菌可用于构建一个低NO逸出的高效脱氮菌系,从而实现NO生物控逸.     

蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus吸附铅的研究

通过吸附实验和微量滴定法探讨了Pb²⁺与蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus的吸附特性.结果表明,该菌体对Pb²⁺的吸附量随着pH升高而升高,最适pH值为6;菌体浓度的增加有利于对Pb²⁺的吸附;整个吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附模型,在试验的条件下,对Pb²⁺的饱和吸附容量为36.7mg/g干菌体.通过电位滴定实验,使用实时格氏图确定了滴定体系中的等当点(Ve)以及估算了表面活性位的总浓度(HS).     

巨大芽孢杆菌LY-4对土壤中杀虫单农药的降解

为了探明杀虫单高效降解菌LY－4进入土壤后的生存状况及对杀虫单农药的降解动态,进行了一系列实验室土壤模拟研究．结果表明,没有外加菌时,杀虫单在土壤中的降解是缓慢的;加入降解菌后可使杀虫单的降解大大加快,当土壤中杀虫单含量一定时,随着菌量增加．杀虫单的降解加快;当菌剂量一定时,则存在一个最适降解浓度,对应此浓度,由外加菌所贡献的净增加降解率最高,而单位菌剂量对杀虫单的绝对去除量随杀虫单浓度的升高而增加．实验还证明该降解菌对外加营养的依赖性小,适应性较强     

Degradation of Polylactide by Commercial Proteases

Fifty-six commercially available proteases were tested for polylactide-degrading activity. Little or no activity was found in acid and neutral proteases, while some alkaline proteases formed appreciable amounts of lactic acid from polylactide. These polylactide-degrading proteases were derived from Bacillus species and had catalytic activity even under neutral, as well as alkaline, conditions. Savinase (Novo Nordisk) degraded polylactide the fastest among the enzymes tested and its specific activity corresponded to about one-half of proteinase K. Polylactide-degrading activity was not always present in the enzymes that affected keratin, while polylactide-degrading proteases commonly hydrolyzed keratin. A significant correlation was observed between degrading activities of polylactide and keratin in alkaline proteases.     

An alkaline phosphatase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YP6 of new application in biodegradation of five broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticides

In recent decades, biodegradation has been considered a promising and eco-friendly way to eliminate organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) from the environment. To enrich current biodegrading-enzyme resources, an alkaline phosphatase (AP3) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YP6 was characterized and utilized to test the potential for new applications in the biodegradation of five broad-spectrum OPs. Characterization of AP3 demonstrated that activity was optimal at 40?°C and pH 10.3. The activity of AP3 was enhanced by Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cu²⁺, and strongly inhibited by Mn²⁺, EDTA, and L-Cys. Compared to disodium phenyl phosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) was more suitable to AP3, and the V_m, K_m, k_cat, k_cat/K_m values of AP3 for pNPP were 4,033?U mg^?1, 12.2?mmol L^?1, 3.3?×?10⁶ s^?1, and 2.7?×?10⁸ s^?1mol^?1L, respectively. Degradation of the five OPs, which included chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, dipterex, phoxim, and triazophos, was 18.7%, 53.0%, 5.5%, 68.3%, and 96.3%, respectively, after treatment with AP3 for 1?h. After treatment of the OP for 8?h, AP3 activities remained more than 80%, with the exception of phoxim. It can be postulated that AP3 may have a broad OP-degradation ability and could possibly provide excellent potential for biodegradation and bioremediation in polluted ecosystems.     

基于QSAR模型的磺胺与群体感应抑制剂对枯草芽孢杆菌联合慢性毒性规律初探

群体感应抑制剂是抗生素最有可能的替代品,两者在环境中的共存会对生物造成联合毒性影响。以革兰氏阳性菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,B.subtilis)为模式生物,3种群体感应抑制剂(呋喃酮、吡咯酮和吡咯)和磺胺类药物为研究对象,测定了20 h单一和联合毒性。结果显示,3种群体感应抑制剂和磺胺的联合毒性分别表现为相加和拮抗。同时根据不同的联合毒性效应,以药物和蛋白分子的对接结合能(Ebinding)作为结构参数分别构建了联合毒性的QSAR模型,并分析了不同毒性效应下混合物中各组分的相互作用关系。结果表明,无论是相加还是拮抗,在二元混合体系中磺胺与其靶蛋白DHPS的有效结合浓度总是高于群体感应抑制剂与Lux S的有效结合浓度;但当产生拮抗作用时,磺胺与DHPS的有效结合浓度相对较低,推测可能是群体感应抑制剂的存在使得磺胺由分子态变为离子态,从而使其难以穿过细胞壁与DHPS结合导致的。本研究为建立和分析联合毒性的QSAR模型提供了一定的理论基础。     

Effects of the inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase multi-enzyme complex on hydrogen production by fermentative microbes

The redox state of carbon sources directly affected the ratio of NADH/NAD⁺ which was coupled to the hydrogen production by Bacillus sp. FS2011. The addition of the inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase multi-enzyme complex (PDHc)E1 could regulate hydrogen production by FS2011 or pretreated compost in batch cultivation. With the addition of appropriate amount of inhibitor, hydrogen production via the NADH pathway was increased, leading to the higher overall hydrogen production. The maximum hydrogen yields of 307.6 ± 13.21 mL/g by FS2011 with the inhibitor of 80 ppm and 362.1 ± 10.1 mL/g by pretreated compost with the inhibitor of 60 ppm were observed, which were increased by 8.7% and 17.8% compared with the controls, respectively. Meanwhile the production of soluble metabolic byproducts such as butyrate, acetate and so on were decreased, resulting in reducing the difficulty of wastewater treatment.     

Pilot-scale biopesticide production by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki using starch industry wastewater as raw material

Pilot-scale Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticide production (2000 L bioreactor) was conducted using starch industry wastewater (SIW) as a raw material using optimized operational parameters obtained in 15 L and 150 L fermenters. In pilot scale fermentation process the oxygen transfer rate is a major limiting factor for high product yield. Thus, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (K_La) remains a tool to determine the oxygen transfer capacity [oxygen utilization rate (OUR) and oxygen transfer rate (OTR)] to obtain better bacterial growth rate and entomotoxicity in new bioreactor process optimization and scale-up. This study results demonstrated that the oxygen transfer rate in 2000 L bioreactor was better than 15 L and 150 L fermenters. The better oxygen transfer in 2000 L bioreactor augmented the bacterial growth [total cell (TC) and viable spore count (SC)] and delta-endotoxin yield. Prepared a stable biopesticide formulation for field use and its entomotoxicity was also evaluated. This study result corroborates the feasibility of industrial scale operation of biopesticide production using starch industry wastewater as raw material.     

表面活性剂对Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9降解苯并[a]芘的影响

研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100（TX-100）和Tween80（TW-80）对苯并[a]芘的增溶特性及对苯并[a]芘高效降解菌Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9生长的影响,结果表明,2种表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘均有良好的增溶效果,均能作为碳源和能源被菌株Bap9所利用,TX-100增溶能力和增殖能力相对更强;不同浓度的TX-100对菌株降解苯并[a]芘的影响不同,当浓度为1 000 mg/L时,对降解的促进作用最强,可将苯并[a]芘降解率提高20.8%;在苯并[a]芘降解过程中,TX-100亦能作为碳源被菌株Bap9利用,不产生二次污染,因此可用于苯并[a]芘污染环境的生物修复。