树脂基复合材料模拟海洋环境长期老化及失效行为

目的 实现高性能树脂基复合材料的环境适应性评价和使用寿命预测。方法 选取玻璃纤维增强不饱和聚酯(GF/197S)与玻璃纤维增强乙烯基脂(GF/905-2)2种树脂基轻质复合材料,开展模拟海洋环境实验室盐雾、湿热和盐水浸泡环境9 600 h的加速老化试验。基于4种力学性能(拉伸强度、弯曲强度、压缩强度及层间剪切强度)开展材料老化行为规律研究,利用傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)对树脂基体在3种加速老化环境中的分子链段与官能团变化情况进行分析,得到基体树脂的老化机理。利用外观、超声扫描成像、SEM分析树脂纤维界面的变化情况,明确树脂/纤维界面的失效模式。利用差示扫描量热分析(DSC)与热重分析(TG)分析3种加速老化方式对玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRPC)的玻璃化转变温度(tg)与热质量损失的影响。结果 3种老化方式对树脂基体的老化影响顺序依次为70 ℃/95%RH湿热、35 ℃盐雾、常温盐水浸泡。结论 得到了先进轻质树脂基复合材料的模拟海洋环境老化行为、失效模式以及树脂基体的老化机理,为实现高性能树脂基复合材料的环境适应性评价和使用寿命预测奠定了基础。     

树脂及其复合材料在导弹中的失效机理

首先明晰了环氧树脂、聚酰亚胺树脂、氰酸酯树脂化学结构与性能之间的内在关系,详细总结了上述树脂及其复合材料在飞行器中的应用情况、存在的主要问题以及改进方向。结合实际应用场景,基于自由基反应机理和扩散理论,重点阐述了环境条件（如温度、湿度、氧气含量、光照）等因素对材料老化以及性能退化的影响机制。从材料的化学结构和物理性能2个层面,结合仪器表征和分子模拟,全面介绍了导弹用复合材料失效的检测与评价方法以及各自优缺点。最后,展望了导弹用树脂及其复合材料性能改进的主要方法、失效机理的有效研究手段。     

Stability of Fe–As composites formed with As(V) and aged ferrihydrite

During the aging process, ferrihydrite was transformed into mineral mixtures composed of different proportions of ferrihydrite, goethite, lepidocrocite and hematite. Such a transformation may affect the fixed ability of arsenic. In this study, the stability of Fe-As composites formed with As(V) and the minerals aged for 0, 1, 4, 10 and 30 days of ferrihydrite were systematically examined, and the effects of molar of ratios Fe/As were also clarified using kinetic methods combined with multiple spectroscopic techniques. The results indicated that As(V) was rapidly adsorbed on minerals during the initial polymerization process, which delayed both the ferrihydrite conversion and the hematite formation. When the Fe/As molar ratio was 1.875 and 5.66, the As(V) adsorbed by ferrihydrite began to release after 6 hr and 12 hr, respectively. The corresponding release amounts of As(V) were 0.55 g/L and 0.07 g/L, and the adsorption rates were 92.43% and 97.50% at 60 days, respectively. However, the As(V) adsorbed by the transformation products aged for 30 days of ferrihydrite began to release after adsorbed 30 days. The corresponding release amounts of As(V) were 0.25 g/L and 0.03 g/L, and the adsorption rates were 84.23% and 92.18% after adsorbed 60 days, for the Fe/As=1.875 and 5.66, respectively. Overall, the combination of As(V) with ferrihydrite and aged products transformed from a thermodynamically metastable phase to a dynamically stable state within a certain duration. Moreover, the aging process of ferrihydrite reduced the sorption ability of arsenate by iron (hydr)oxide but enhanced the stability of the Fe-As composites.     

自固定化微生物降解工业废水中的2-氯苯甲酸

经微生物自固定化的反应器启动快,只需1周时间COD去除率即稳定在86％以上,而接种一般污泥的对照反应器至少需4周时间才能达到该效果;且经微生物自固定化的反应器能够稳定地降解含易降解基质(葡萄糖)的混合配水,2-氯苯甲酸与总COD去除率均稳定在90％左右。对处理含单一基质和混合基质废水的膜生物相观察表明：二者差异很大,前者以球状菌为主,同时也有大量的短杆菌;后者主要以丝状菌为主,同时也有相当数量的球菌、杆菌。     

Distribution of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(ε-caprolactone)aerobic degrading microorganisms in different environments

To assess the capacity of the natural environment for degrading plastics, the populations of poly(-hydroxybutyrate)(PHB)-and poly(-caprolactone)(PCL)-degrading aerobic microorganisms and their ratios to the total number of microorganisms in soil samples were estimated by the plate count method with agar medium containing emulsified PHB or PCL. The numbers of the degrading microorganisms were determined by counting colonies that formed clear zones on the plate. It was found that PHB- and PCL-degrading (depolymerizing) microorganisms are distributed over many kinds of material, including landfill leachate, compost, sewage sludge, forest soil, farm soil, paddy soil, weed field soil, roadside sand, and pond sediment. Of total colony counts, the percentages of PHB and PCL degrading microorganisms were 0.2–11.4 and 0.8–11.0%, respectively. The results suggest that many kinds of degrading microorganisms are present in each environment and that specific consortia differing in biodegradation capacity are constructed.     

高温真空老化对X2101双马树脂基复合材料结构及力学性能的影响

目的研究高温-真空环境对新型X2101双马树脂基复合材料结构及性能的影响。方法采用管式炉分别在330,350,370,400℃等高温/真空耦合条件下对X2101双马树脂基复合材料层合板进行热老化处理,利用称重法、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、万能试验机和动态热机械分析仪(DMA)等测试手段表征分析老化条件对复合材料的质损率、化学结构、力学性能、动态力学行为的影响。结果复合材料的最高质损率低于4%。在350℃以下,热老化对基体树脂化学结构的影响较小,随着老化温度的升高,储能模量呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;350℃热老化10 h后复合材料的力学性能保持率在65%以上。结论 X2101双马树脂基复合材料是一种性能优良的耐高温结构材料,可用于制造在300℃高温下服役的航空航天结构件。     

T300/QY8911复合材料湿热行为的研究

目的为保证复合材料结构的完整性和使用安全,对树脂基复合材料的湿热行为、湿热环境下的宏观力学性能和物理行为进行研究。方法采用加速老化法,在高温下对T300/QY8911复合材料进行湿热老化行为的研究。借助动态力学热分析(DMTA)、力学性能测试研究湿热条件下的玻璃化转变温度和力学性能的变化规律。结果 T300/QY8911复合材料吸湿率的变化在湿热处理初期符合Fick第二定律,T300/QY8911复合材料的玻璃化转变温度均随着复合材料吸湿率的增加呈下降趋势,在饱和吸湿条件下tanδ峰对应的θg值具有较大的下降幅度,复合材料的拉伸强度和压缩强度均随着湿热处理时间的增加而出现下降,湿热处理条件对复合材料拉伸断裂宏观形貌的影响比较明显,而对复合材料压缩断裂宏观形貌的影响较小。结论 T300/QY8911复合材料在432 h到达饱和吸湿,饱和吸湿率为1.34%,水分子在复合材料中的扩散系数为7.38×10-5 mm2/s,吸湿速率为1.29×10-2 s-1,饱和吸湿条件下T300/QY8911复合材料的θg下降了59.2℃。T300/QY8911复合材料拉伸强度的下降幅度为16.2%,压缩强度的下降幅度为0.6%。     

Biodegradable Complex Polymers from Casein and Potato Starch

Potato starch was blended with defatted milk in proportions providing a 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1,:2, 1:3, and 1:4 starch/casein ratio. Precipitation was achieved by addition of either hydrochloric acid or leaven. Composition of precipitated products was determined based on elemental analysis for nitrogen. Generally, differences between attempted and achieved casein-to-starch proportions did not exceed 10%. Products coprecipitated with hydrochloric acid were slightly richer in casein than products obtained with leaven. Aqueous solubility, water binding capacity, IR spectra, and thermal analysis (thermogravimetry, TG, and differential thermogravimetry, DTG) were recorded for the precipitates. Analyses revealed that the precipitates were not simple physical mixtures of the components. Partial insolubility in 7 M aqueous urea showed that casein and potato starch are chemically bound. Comparison of the spectra and thermograms suggested that complexes of the 1:1 composition were formed constituting a nucleus of the aggregates carrying excessive amounts of either starch or casein.     

Study on the Physico-mechanical Properties of Photo-cured Chitosan Films with Oligomer and Acrylate Monomer

Chitosan films were prepared from dried prawn shell via chitin and then tensile properties like tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (Eb) of the films were evaluated. Six formulations were developed using methyl methacylate (MMA) monomer and aliphatic urethane diacrylate oligomer (M-1200) in methanol along with photoinitator (Darocur-1664). Then the films were soaked in the formulations and irradiated under UV radiation at different doses for the improvement of physico-mechanical properties of chitosan films. The cured films were characterized by measuring TS, Eb, polymer loading (PL), water absorption and gel content properties. The formulation containing 43% MMA and 15% oligomer in methanol solution showed the best performance at 20th UV pass for 4 min soaking time.     

纳米混杂Kevlar／Surlyn复合材料的制备与防刺性能研究

本文介绍采用热压成型工艺制备纳米SiO2混杂Kevlar／Surlyn复合材料,研究了纳米粒子混杂工艺、纳米粒子含量对复合材料动态防刺性能的影响。结果表明,采用喷涂工艺制备的纳米SiO2混杂Kevlar／Surlyn复合材料可改善复合材料的防刺性能,其中纳米SiO2的含量为5wt．％时,复合材料的防刺效果最佳。