光辅助下TiO2-蒙脱土复合材料抑杀蓝藻

以TiCl4和钠基蒙脱土为原料,采用水解法制备了TiO2-蒙脱土复合材料,采用XRD、IR和TEM对其结构和性质进行表征;通过藻细胞的内含物含量、生长代谢活性和形态的变化以及藻细胞膜脂质过氧化分析,研究了TiO2-蒙脱土复合材料在光辅助下去除颤藻的性能.结果表明,TiO2-蒙脱土复合材料中一部分TiO2插入蒙脱层间,增加了蒙脱土的层间距,另一部分以锐钛矿相均匀分散在蒙脱土上;在紫外光辅助下,TiO2-蒙脱土的用量为50.0 mg/L,lh后颤藻的除藻率可达94.58％;TiO2-蒙脱土通过光催化作用破坏藻细胞膜、降解藻细胞内含物、降低藻细胞代谢活性和破坏藻细胞形态,从而产生抑藻作用.     

Biodegradable Polymers from 5-Hydroxylevulinic Acid: 1. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(5-hydroxylevulinic acid)

As an attempt to synthesize new biodegradable polymers from renewable cellulose resources, melt polycondensation of 5-hydroxylevulinic acid (5-HLA) was reported for the first time. The resulting product, poly(5-hydroxylevulinic acid) (PHLA), was synthesized and characterized with GPC, FTIR, ¹H NMR and DSC. The in vitro degradation behaviors in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in deionized water (DW) were also examined. The molecular weight of PHLA is not high (several 1,000s), but it possesses unordinary high glass transition temperature (as high as 120 °C). This is very different from existing aliphatic polyesters that usually have T _gs lower than 60 °C. The high T _g is attributed to the formation of inter- and/or intramolecular hydrogen bonds due to a characteristic keto–enol tautomerism equilibrium in the polymer structure. PHLA readily degraded hydrolytically in aqueous media.     

Renewable Cellulose Derived Carbon Nanospheres as Nucleating Agents for Polylactide and Polypropylene

Nucleation of polylactide and polypropylene using novel renewable resource biobased carbon nanospheres (CNS) is investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. Isothermal studies near the optimal crystallization temperature demonstrate at least a five-fold increase in crystallization rate in PP but only a 1.4 times faster crystallization in PLA. Non-isothermal studies reveal an asymptotic relationship of the maximum crystallization temperature with increasing CNS weight loading in PP and no relationship in PLA. Microscopy indicates some aggregation in the solution blended samples and that average spherulite size is reduced 10-fold due to faster nucleation in the composites as compared to the neat polymer. The fractional crystallinity achieved during non-isothermal crystallization increases by about 7% with addition of a small amount of CNS and decreases with weight loading higher than 1%. The crystallization rates obtained in polypropylene are competitive with widely used mineral talc nucleating agents.     

复合干粉灭火剂抑制食用油火的试验研究

为改善普通碳酸氢钠干粉灭火剂(BC干粉)抑制食用油火时抗复燃性较差的不足,选择聚磷酸铵、溴化钾和一水合草酸钾作为添加剂,与普通BC干粉灭火剂混合配制成复合干粉灭火剂。通过全尺度模拟试验研究各种复合粉体对食用油火的灭火效果及其抗复燃性能。结果证明,普通BC干粉与一水合草酸钾复配而成的复合粉体针对食用油火的灭火效果和抗复燃性能在几种粉体中最佳。根据试验数据和各粉体的理化特性,对4种粉体的灭火效果差异作了详细的分析和讨论。     

改性凹凸棒土/纳米铁复合材料与微生物耦合去除地下水硝酸盐氮的研究

地下水是我国重要的饮用水源之一,国内部分地区地下水NO₃--N含量超标,对人体健康造成潜在威胁.采用模拟装置考察改性凹凸棒土/纳米铁复合材料、反硝化细菌及其耦合体系对地下水NO₃--N去除效果及脱氮产物的变化特征.结果表明,在模拟地下水溶解氧[ρ（DO）为0.3 mg/L]、温度（15℃）和黑暗环境下,50 mg改性凹凸棒土/纳米铁复合材料与50 mg/L NO₃--N反应,7 d后NO₃--N去除率为43.7%,其中63.6%的还原产物转化为NH₄+-N,几乎无NO₂--N生成,TN去除率为15.9%;反硝化细菌体系中,7 d后NO₃--N去除率仅为9.7%,其中NO₂--N占4.1%,几乎无NH₄+-N生成,TN去除率为5.3%;在改性凹凸棒土/纳米铁复合材料-反硝化细菌耦合体系中,7 d后NO₃--N去除率为80.6%,其中NH₄+-N占33.2%、NO₂--N占12.1%,TN去除率为35.2%.研究显示,模拟地下水环境下,改性凹凸棒土/纳米铁复合材料-反硝化细菌耦合体系对NO₃--N去除效果最好,TN去除率高.      

船用复合材料应用现状及发展

对船用复合材料的定义及分类进行了介绍,并对国内外船用复合材料的应用发展历程及现状进行了阐述。国外船用复合材料应用时间早,原料制造以及成型工艺发展相对成熟,目前已成功应用于多种船舶、船体以及上层建筑、桅杆等结构的制造。相比之下,我国船用复合材料研究起步较晚,原料生产以及成型工艺较为落后,在实船应用方面与国外存在较大差距。在此基础上,分析了我国船用复合材料发展存在的主要问题,并从设计制造工艺的提升,以及性能评价技术体系的完善两方面对其未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Cellulose Fiber/Bentonite Clay/Biodegradable Thermoplastic Composites

Adding cellulose fiber reinforcement can improve mechanical properties of biodegradable plastics, but fiber must be well dispersed to achieve any benefit. The approach to dispersing fiber in this study was to use aqueous gels of sodium bentonite clay. These clay-fiber gels were combined with powdered compostable thermoplastics and calcium carbonate filler. The composite was dried, twin-screw extruded, and injection molded to make thin parts for tensile testing. An experimental design was used to determine the effect of fiber concentration, fiber length, and clay concentration. Polybutylene adipate/terephthalate copolymer (PBAT) and 70/30 polylactic acid (PLA)/PBAT blend were the biodegradable plastics studied. The composite strength decreased compared to the thermoplastics (13 vs. 19 MPa for PBAT, 27 vs. 38 MPa for the PLA/PBAT blend). The composite elongation to break decreased compared to the thermoplastics (170% vs. 831% for PBAT, 4.9% vs. 8.7% for the PLA/PBAT blend). The modulus increased for the composites compared to the thermoplastic standards (149 vs. 61 MPa for PBAT, 1328 vs. 965 MPa for the PLA/PBAT blend). All composite samples had good water resistance.     

湿热条件下飞机聚合物基复合材料界面问题研究进展

综述了湿热环境下飞机聚合物基复合材料界面问题近年来的研究成果。分析并总结了湿热环境对复合材料界面的作用机理及对复合材料界面力学性能的影响;详细阐述了一些涉及环境作用的聚合物基复合材料界面理论与试验手段问题;最后提出了存在的主要问题及今后的发展趋势。     

高低温条件下碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料的老化特征分析

目的分析不同试验条件下碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料的性能变化规律,获得该种材料在高温和低温条件下的老化特征。方法对制备的碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料拉伸样和缺口冲击样,开展高温和低温试验,定期测试其拉伸、冲击性能,分析各试验条件下力学性能的变化趋势,总结该材料的老化特征。结果几种试验条件下均未造成该材料外观损伤,冲击强度出现了前期升高后期降低的变化趋势,而拉伸强度前期略微降低,随着试验进行逐渐升高。结论碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料在高温和低温条件下无明显的外观老化特征,而力学性能在高温16天后材料会呈现出较缓慢的热老化趋势。     

Analytical approaches for determining human exposure to pesticides

Abstract

The presence of pesticides, both persistent and biodegradable, in the environment is a problem which is both significant and potentially dangerous to humans. An index of biodegradability is presented which is based on the correlation between environmental stability and fat solubility. Halogenated pesticides are, therefore, both more fat soluable and more resistant to biodegradation, while methylated pesticides are more water soluable and, therefore, more biodegradable. Three methods for detecting low‐levels of halogenated pesticides are presented: the Macro, the Micro “Florisil,”; and the Micro “Silica.”; A method is also presented to detect these chemicals in blood. Two methods for the detection of nonpersistent, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, Cholinesterase inhibition and urinary metabolites, are described. Finally, methods of monitoring human exposure through the detection of phenols, phenoxy acids, alkyl phophates, and anilines are presented.