Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in municipal solid waste incinerators

The stack flue gases and the ashes in different units of two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are sampled to investigate the characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Bottom ashes (BA) exhibited much higher PBDD/F (8.11-52.2 pg TEQ/g) and PBDE contents (20.4-186 ng/g) than those of fly ashes (0.0932-2.02 pg TEQ/g and 0.332-25.5 ng/g), revealing that the PBDD/Fs and PBDEs in the feeding waste may not be completely destroyed. The PBDE concentrations/contents in the stack flue gases (26.1-109 ng/Nm³) and in the BA (20.4-186 ng/g) of the MSWIs could reach three orders higher than those in the atmosphere and reference soils. PBDE contributions to the environment from the stack flue gases or the reutilization of BA of MSWIs should not be ignored from the developing PBDE inventory.     

改性粉煤灰和高铁酸钾联合处理矿井水的研究

利用高铁酸钾处理经过改性粉煤灰混凝后的矿井水,形成改性粉煤灰和高铁酸钾联合处理矿井水工艺。研究表明,粉煤灰在使用硫酸改性前后,在投加量为50 g/L,对去除矿井水中浊度的变化是53.18～25.42 NTU,对COD_(Mn)的去除效率也由29%升高到50%;在改性粉煤灰中混入高铁酸钾5 mg/L时,矿井水中浊度和悬浮物分别降到18.3 NTU和10 mg/L,COD_(Mn)去除率为53.23%;此后,上清液中投加高铁酸钾10 mg/L时,水中的浊度由18.3 NTU降到5.1 NTU,悬浮物由10 mg/L降到3 mg/L,COD_(Mn)的总去除率也增加到68.88%。在使用该工艺进行小试时,改性粉煤灰用量为50 g/L,并在其中掺杂高铁酸钾5 mg/L,上清液再用10 mg/L的高铁酸钾处理后,出水水质都优于地表水环境质量Ⅳ级标准。     

地聚合材料固化处理垃圾焚烧飞灰

以垃圾焚烧飞灰和高岭土为主要原料,氢氧化钾为碱激活剂制备了地聚合材料,当焚烧飞灰的掺加量在70%时,其28 d抗压强度可达19.36 MPa。重金属浸出实验表明,地聚合物材料对垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属有明显的固化效果,在28 d时基本无溶出。SEM结果表明,地聚合材料的断面结构与力学性能和固化效果相关,XRD和FTIR的分析结果表明,焚烧飞灰和高岭土在碱的激发下生成新的硅铝酸盐聚合物,所得地聚合材料为无定形态。     

贮灰场灰水污染物运移的数值分析

从环境保护的角度出发,针对灰水溶质运移污染地下水的问题,应用混合防渗材料作为防渗层,通过有限元程序模拟贮灰场的实际运行条件,进行了有无防渗层条件下污染物运移的对比计算分析.结果表明,防渗层可有效地减少灰水渗漏量,缩小污染物的长期扩散范围;在灰场底部和内侧设置防渗层是有效的防污染措施.     

高COD浓度污水与洁净底泥作用的实验研究

通过底泥吸附和污水有机物降解实验 ,研究了高COD浓度污水与洁净底泥的相互作用。结果表明 ,洁净底泥对高COD浓度污水中的污染物具有吸附作用 ,且在起始段此作用较明显 ,但在后期的作用就下降很多。底泥固相量的增加可显著提高水相有机污染物的吸附去除率 ;但对于不同来源的污水 ,并非按照同一比例增加 ,污水性质显著影响底泥的有机污染物吸附量。污水中的有机污染物的生物降解由于其作用缓慢 ,在开始的阶段 ,对水相有机污染物的减少远没有底泥吸附所起的作用大 ;但在后期其累计的作用将明显显现出来     

粉煤灰固结技术及应用研究

为防治火电厂贮灰场扬尘污染对粉煤灰固技术进行了试验研究。目前已研制出２个系列的粉煤灰固结剂,固结后的抗压强度都在１６ｋｇ／ｃｍ２以上,最高达７０ｋｇ／ｃｍ２;水稳系数和冻稳系数都在０．９０—１．００。该项技术具有抑尘效果好、保持时间长、治理成本低、原料来源广泛、施工工艺简单和易于推广等待点。它可用于正在使用的灰场（包括中转灰场、碾压灰场）和贮满灰的灰场治理扬尘,还可用于灰场防渗和灰坝加固。     

不同煤化程度煤种对飞灰导电特性影响的实验研究

研究了不同煤化程度煤种的导电特性的实验结果表明,高煤化煤种与低煤化煤种的导电特性相差极大。前者比电阻可降至106Ω·cm以下,几十伏电压即发生电击穿。而后者比电阻最高可达10¹²Ω·cm以上,击穿电压超过10kV;高煤化燃煤飞灰的含碳量达到20％时,比电阻发生了陡降,而低煤化燃煤飞灰的含碳量对飞灰导电特性的影响不大,甚至产生负面影响。导致这一结果的机理是不同煤化程度煤种的晶体结构的差异     

粉煤灰的组分特征及其系统分类

利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射及扫描电镜等手段,从岩石学角度对粉煤灰的组分特征进行了详细观察研究。结果表明:粉煤灰的组分可分为有机组分和无机组分两大类。有机组分包括煤粒和残炭2个亚组;而无机组分则可进一步分为玻璃微珠、磁铁微珠、不定形颗粒、碎屑石英和莫来石。在此基础上,首次提出了粉煤灰显微组分分类系统并对显微组分作了定量统计。      

Zeolite formation from coal fly ash and heavy metal ion removal characteristics of thus-obtained Zeolite X in multi-metal systems

Zeolitic materials have been prepared from coal fly ash as well as from a SiO₂–Al₂O₃ system upon NaOH fusion treatment, followed by subsequent hydrothermal processing at various NaOH concentrations and reaction times. During the preparation process, the starting material initially decomposed to an amorphous form, and the nucleation process of the zeolite began. The carbon content of the starting material influenced the formation of the zeolite by providing an active surface for nucleation. Zeolite A (Na-A) was transformed into zeolite X (Na-X) with increasing NaOH concentration and reaction time. The adsorption isotherms of the obtained Na-X based on the characteristics required to remove heavy ions such as Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were examined in multi-metal systems. Thus obtained experimental data suggests that the Langmuir and Freundlich models are more accurate compared to the Dubinin–Kaganer–Radushkevich (DKR) model. However, the sorption energy obtained from the DKR model was helpful in elucidating the mechanism of the sorption process. Further, in going from a single- to multi-metal system, the degree of fitting for the Freundlich model compared with the Langmuir model was favored due to its basic assumption of a heterogeneity factor. The Extended-Langmuir model may be used in multi-metal systems, but gives a lower value for equilibrium sorption compared with the Langmuir model.     

某电厂灰渣库整体稳定性探讨

从物理力学参数的选取方面对某电厂灰渣库一期工程1号副坝的整体稳定性进行探讨,从中发现原有研究结果的偏差,并对坝体的整体稳定性作出了比较客观的结论,同时也通过对比总应力强度与有效应力强度指标的不同适用范围,提出了在灰渣坝（尾矿坝）的稳定性分析中应对其区别对待,以免出现不必要的错误,从而有效地指导灰渣库（尾矿库）的安全管理工作。