套管保护液对钻井废水处理效果的影响＊

通过研究高含硫气田钻井完井后套管保护液对钻井废水处理效果的影响,可知:采用混凝/二次絮凝/吸附工艺处理不含套管保护液的钻井废水时,出水COD<150 mg/L;当套管保护液加量>0.5 mL/L时,出水中COD随套管保护液用量增加而急剧升高,远大于150 mg/L;采用混凝/吸附/微电解组合工艺处理含套管保护液的完井钻井废水,出水COD<150 mg/L,满足GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准的要求。     

用二氧化氯降解废水中的苯胺类化合物（2）──降解机理的探讨

本文在上文（１）的基础上，进一步研究了经二氧化氯处理前后ＢＯＤ＿５／ＣＯＤ的变化规律，其比值大于或接近０．３．其降解产物有醌及醌的氧化产物和ＮＨＩ．对苯胺及二氧化氯来说其．反应级数为１，整个反应为二级反应．     

污水处理厂COD和氨氮总量削减的成本模型

对国内12个城市污水处理厂COD和氨氮总量削减所需单位成本的调研结果显示,根据污水处理量确定运行费用的传统方法不能直接反映污染物总量削减的成本.在处理能力范围内,COD和氨氮总量削减所需的单位电耗随着其去除负荷增加而降低,并逐渐趋向定值.因此本研究以COD和氨氮总量削减所需电耗为基础,建立了污水处理厂的运行成本模型,其影响因素包括进水和出水浓度、设计规模、水量负荷率等,根据该计算模型确定运行成本可以有效激励污水处理厂削减更多的COD和氨氮总量.     

P矩阵校正技术在光度法测定COD中的应用

对可能的干扰金属离子进行了筛选,通过对多个检验集样品的分析,确定了最优分析波长组,并进一步对多个实际样品进行了测量,结果表明,本方法测定结果与国标推荐方法相比没有明显差异,同时可无需预先化学分离就很好地消除共存金属离子的干扰,具有操作简便、测定快速的优点。     

吸附-降解组合生物系统处理含铜离子城市污水

采用Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞为吸附剂的生物吸附过程组合SBR生物降解系统处理含铜离子城市废水.研究了生物吸附剂Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞的最佳制备条件以及组合系统的运行过程.实验结果表明,在优化的条件下,Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞对铜离子的吸附容量可达87.3mg·g^-1,经生物吸附处理后,污水中Cu²⁺的含量显著降低,尽管残留的Cu²⁺对活性污泥吸附COD的能力尚有一定影响,但已不影响SBR系统对废水中COD的去除效果.研究表明,在活性污泥法处理含铜离子废水前,采用生物吸附技术降低废水中Cu²⁺含量,有利于提高后续活性污泥过程对COD的去除能力.     

The removal of lignin and phenol from paper mill effluents by electrocoagulation

This study aims to investigate the treatment of paper mill effluents using electrocoagulation. Removal of lignin, phenol, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) from paper mill effluents was investigated at various current intensities by using different electrodes (Al and Fe) and at various electrolysis times (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5min). It was observed that the experiments carried out at 12V, an electrolysis time of 2min and a current intensity of 77.13mA were sufficient for the removal of these pollutants with each electrode. The removal capacities of the process using an Al electrode were 80% of lignin, 98% of phenol, 70% of BOD, and 75% of COD after 7.5min. Using an Fe electrode the removal capacities were 92%, 93%, 80% and 55%, respectively. In addition, it was found that removal of lignin, phenol, BOD and COD increased with increasing current intensity. In the experiments carried out at different current intensities, higher removal can be explained through a decrease in intra-resistance of solution and consequently an increase at the transfer speed of organic species to electrodes. It was also found that Al electrode performs higher efficiency than Fe electrode except for COD removal. However, the time required for removal of BOD was more than that of COD. The results suggest that electrocoagulation could be considered as an effective alternative to paper mill effluents treatment.     

化学需氧量在造纸废水中分布规律及采样点位的优化

目前对造纸废水的监测通常采取随机取样,很少考虑污染物在废水中的分布情况,所以取得的样品很难反映污染物的实际排放情况。为此,通过对某造纸厂排废废水中化学需氧量分布夫妻及采样点位的优化研究。     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

不同加碱量下爆破制浆的源强试验研究

为了解爆破制浆的排污情况和废水处理的可行性,以烧碱和石灰作投加药剂,进行了不同加碱量条件下爆破制浆产生源强的试验研究,以确定最佳的加碱量和适宜的黑液提取率.研究表明,在加碱量相同的情况下,采用常规爆破浆样,浆样性能较好;在保持吨粗干浆产生的COD一致时,投加价格低廉的石灰,既能降低生产成本,又便于后续的废水处理;工程调试运行结果表明,控制吨粗干浆的石灰投加量为25～30 kg时,黑液提取率超过80%,最终出水COD<100 mg/L.     

聚硅酸氯化铝处理皂素废水的研究

制备了聚硅酸氯化铝(PASC)絮凝剂,并用其进行了皂素废水处理实验。考察了絮凝剂投加量、pH值、搅拌速度对COD和浊度去除率的影响。结果表明,当絮凝剂投加量为9～13.5 mg/L、pH值5～7、搅拌速度150～250 r/min时,COD和浊度去除效果较好。最佳工艺条件为：絮凝剂投加量11.25 mg/L、pH值6、搅拌速度200 r/min。此时,COD去除率为93.7％,浊度去除率为97.5％。PASC的絮凝性能明显优于PAC。