Ozone–dioxane delignification from the cell walls of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.)

Delignification from the cell walls with a combination of ozone oxidation and dioxane–water extraction using thin sections of a softwood, Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.), was studied to determine its suitability for the production of recyclable cellulose-based materials from wood waste. The visible-light absorption spectra of treated wood sections revealed that delignification from the cell walls with ozone increased with increasing ozonization time. Ozone delignification proceeded from the lumen side toward the middle lamella within the secondary wall of a cell, and it proceeded faster in early wood than in late wood within an annual ring. Mild ozonization for 10–30 min was sufficient for the removal of lignin from the cell walls when sections were extracted with dioxane after ozonization. The results obtained here demonstrate that microspectrometry coupled with the Wiesner reaction is useful for the quantitative analysis of lignin in cell walls.     

稀土金属离子对梨形四膜虫的24小时生长影响

应用４种方法（细胞直计计数法、中性红试验、重蛋白及核酸含量测定）研究不同浓度稀土金属离子Ｌａ＾２＋、Ｓｍ＾３＋、Ｙ＾３＋、Ｇｄ＾３＋处理２４ｈ后，对梨形四膜虫的生长影响，结果表明，在低浓度时Ｌａ＾３＋、Ｓｍ＾３＋、Ｙ＾３＋，对四膜虫具有刺激生长的作用。随着浓度的升高，４种稀土金属离子均表现出毒性效应；高浓度时，抑制生长艇特别明显。计算Ｌａ＾３＋、Ｓｍ＾３＋、Ｙ＾３＋、Ｇｄ＾３＋的半数抑制浓度（ＩＣ     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of cell abundance, colony size and intracellular toxin concentrations of pelagic and benthic Microcystis in Lake Caohai, China

Lake Caohai has experienced extensive Microcystis blooms in recent years,and to improve its water quality,the local government carried out a series of water control measures.To better understand the dynamics of both pelagic and benthic Microcystis and their characteristics in Lake Caohai,we conducted a 1-year investigation from December 2015to December 2016 to gain a seasonal outlook on the distribution and dynamics of cell abundance,colony size and intracellular microcystins(MCs)of Microcystis.The results indicated that the Microcystis bloom occupied primarily the northeastern region and then moved gradually from lakeshore to lake center.The perennial southwesterly winds and the water inflow from northeast to southwest in Lake Caohai determined the spatiotemporal distribution of pelagic Microcystis.Benthic Microcystis was mainly distributed in the northeastern region in summer,occupied the lake center in autumn and then occupied the southeastern region in winter,determined by the sedimentation of pelagic Microcystis and the death of benthic Microcystis.Small colonies(20-60μm)overwintered more easily in both water column and sediment.The concentrations of intracellular toxin of benthic Microcystis were observed to be significantly higher than those of pelagic Microcystis.This might be because Microcystis synthesized large amount of MCs to acclimate to an unfavorable benthic environment.This knowledge on the dynamics of Microcystis expands our understanding of mechanisms underpinning the formation of Microcystis blooms.     

Mobile phone use while driving: Predicting drivers’ answering intentions and compensatory decisions

The current study considered, for the first time, compensatory decisions within the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to explain why people use mobile phones while driving. The effects of age, gender, and mobile phone mode on respondents’ answering intentions and compensatory decisions were mainly examined. A series of questions were administered to 333 drivers (ages 25-59), which included (1) demographic measures, (2) scales that measured prior mobile use activities in both driving and ordinary contexts, (3) a question to measure drivers’ perceptions of the safety of hands-free phones, and (4) TPB measures, which measured answer intention and two compensatory behavioural decisions (i.e., reminding the caller that he/she is driving, limiting the length of a conversations (including perceived its limits)), along with predictive variables. Drivers reported a moderate likelihood of answering intention and a strong tendency to engage in the two compensatory behaviours. Answering intention and compensatory decisions, perceived behavioural control, perceived risk, and usage frequency were more dependent on mobile phone mode and age group than gender. The regression models explained 64% and 67% of the variance in answering intention in the handheld and hands-free scenario separately. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural risk and control (PBRC), and prior answering behaviour emerged as common predictors. The predictive models explained 31% and 37% of the variance for perceived limits of a conversation length in handheld and hands-free scenarios, respectively. Answering intention and PBRC consistently predicted most of the variance (handheld: 28%; hands-free: 32%) for this compensatory perception limits. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.     

基于智能手机平台的环境噪声监测研究

通过对传统噪声监测和评价方法的分析,借助智能手机平台开发了1套环境噪声监测系统,并以鼓浪屿为案例进行了研究。结果表明:1)利用智能手机能很好地区分不同环境功能区的噪声情况;2)能方便地获取监测点位坐标、用户感受等信息;3)能及时将监测结果分享给好友和数据中心。基于智能手机平台进行环境噪声监测,一方面降低了噪声监测的技术门槛,方便公众随时随地感知和分享身边的噪声情况;另一方面,借助公众的广泛参与,能够大大增加噪声采样点的数量,拓展数据的采集范围,形成公众环境噪声监测网。     

三种典型的污泥发电工艺

污泥发电是城市污水处理厂进行污泥合理开发利用的技术措施之一,是污泥实行减量化、稳定化、无害化、资源化的良好方法,本文介绍了3种典型的污泥发电工艺：污泥焚烧发电;污泥厌氧消化产生沼气、通过燃气轮机组发电;污泥厌氧消化产生沼气、进而通过改质制造氢气,经燃料电池发电。对污泥合理利用的规范化、科学化有一定的借鉴意义。     

污水生物处理系统中内源过程的研究进展

污水生物处理系统的内源过程涉及到一系列微生物学、生态学机制和过程,因而对处理系统的各个方面都有重要影响.然而-目前对内源过程的认识还相当有限.本文首先在总结现有知识的基础上对污水生物处理系统中的内源过程作了定义,并对其区分为细胞和群落两个水平-随后,分别对内源过程中的细胞维持、解偶联、程序化细胞死亡、饥饿状态、高等微生物捕食等过程作了综述,总结了其在污水生物处理领域的研究进展.此外.文章还概述了细胞维持能量和细胞衰减速率的测定方法及其研究进展和存在的问题.本文的目的是通过综述现有的知识,推动对污水生物处理系统中内源过程研究的进一步发展.     

Tracing the physiological response and behavioral performance of drivers at different levels of mental workload using driving simulators

Introduction: The use of mobile phones while driving is known to be a distraction factor and a cause of accidents. The way in which different kinds of conversations affect the behavioral performance of the driver as well as the persistence of the effects are not yet fully understood. Method: In this study, in addition to comparing brain function and behavioral function in dual task conditions in three conversations types, the persistent effects of these types of conversations have also been traced. Results: The results show that the content of the mobile phone conversation while driving is the cause of the persistent changes in behavioral and brain functions. Increased time headway and lane departure was observed during and up to 5 min after the emotional conversation was finished. EEG bands also varied in different types of conversations. Cognitive conversations caused an increase in the activity of the alpha and beta bands while emotional conversations enhanced the rate of gamma and beta bands. A meaningful correlation was found between changes in the theta and alpha bands and changes in behavioral performance both during the dual task condition and after the conversation was finished, was also observed. Conclusions: The content of the conversation is one of the most important factors that increase the risk of road accidents. This can also deteriorate the behavioral performance of the driver and can have persistent effects on behavioral performance and the brain. Practical applications: The findings of this study provide a basis to measure and tracing drivers’ cognitive distractions induced by different levels of mental workload through physiological and behavioral performances.     

人工神经网络法在大气污染预报中的应用

以鞍山市为例,应用人工神经网络方法,模拟人脑的思维方式,建立了大气污染物浓度的神经网络预报模型,并将计算结果与监测值进行了对比验证,计算结果表明,BP模型应用于大气污染物浓度预报具有较高的预报精度。     

Copper availability and bioavailability are controlled by rhizosphere pH in rape grown in an acidic Cu-contaminated soil

We evaluated how root-induced changes in rhizosphere pH varied and interacted with Cu availability and bioavailability in an acidic soil. Rape was grown on a Cu-contaminated acidic soil, which had been limed at 10 rates. Soil Cu bioavailability was not influenced by liming. However, liming significantly decreased CaCl₂-extracted Cu for pH between 3.7 and 5.1. Little effect was found for pH above 5.1. For soil pH < 4.4, CaCl₂-Cu contents were smaller in rhizosphere than uncropped soil. Rhizosphere alkalisation occurred at pH < 4.8, while acidification occurred at greater pH. This explained the changes of CaCl₂-Cu in the rhizosphere at low pH and the absence of pH dependency of Cu bioavailability to rape. In addition, apoplastic Cu in roots increased with increasing soil pH, most probably as a result of increased dissociation and affinity of cell wall compounds for Cu.