二氧化硫和铅联合染毒对小鼠遗传物质的损伤

运用单细胞凝胶电泳技术研究了SO₂和醋酸铅亚急性联合染毒对雄性小鼠脑、肺、脾、肾细胞DNA的损伤.结果表明,在42mg/m³ SO₂和0.2%醋酸铅单独及联合作用下,小鼠脑、肺、肾、脾细胞DNA迁移距离均比对照组显著增加,而且铅可以加剧SO₂对脑、肾、脾细胞核DNA的损伤程度;SO₂对肺细胞核DNA的损伤程度要比铅的损伤大,小鼠肺细胞核DNA迁移距离在SO₂和醋酸铅联合作用组与醋酸铅单独作用组间有极显著性差异(P<0.01),而与SO₂单独作用组间没有显著性差异.SO₂和醋酸铅均可引起小鼠组织细胞的DNA损伤,它们对脑、肺、脾、肾的损伤程度不同,在一定条件下存在明显的协同效应,可以增强彼此的毒性作用.这意味着SO₂和铅均有引起哺乳动物细胞基因突变的潜在危险,大气SO₂污染与铅的污染可能加剧某些疾病的发生与发展.     

气相色谱法同时测定空气中乙酸甲西旨和乙酸乙酯

建立了用气相色谱法测定空气中乙酸甲酯和乙酸乙酯的方法。本方法前处理简便,分离度好,干扰少,分析灵敏度高,有机试剂使用量少,满足环境分析要求。     

1株异养反硝化硫细菌的分离鉴定及代谢特性

工业废水中的有机物、硫化物和含氮化合物是废水处理面临的重大挑战.利用生物技术,可以实现在废水处理系统中同时去除这3种污染物.在污水处理反应器中,分离出1株异养反硝化硫细菌HDD1.基于16S rRNA基因的系统进化分析和生理特征显示菌株HDD1为Thauera属的一个种.菌株HDD1能够利用乙酸盐和硫化物作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体进行呼吸作用.在15h之内,CH3COO-(300 mg·L~(-1))、S2-(200 mg·L~(-1))和NO-3(487 mg·L~(-1))被完全代谢去除.扫描电子显微镜和能量色散谱结果显示硫化物氧化的主要产物为单质硫.菌株HDD1能够同时应用于工业废水处理和硫元素的资源化回收.     

Degradation and mineralization of cellulose acetate in simulated thermophilic compost environments

Residual cellulose acetate (CA) films with initial degree of substitution (DS) values of 1.7 and 2.5 (CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) were recovered from a simulated thermophilic compost exposure and characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine changes in polymer molecular weight and DS and to study microbial colonization and surface morphology, respectively. During the aerobic degradation of CA DS-1.7 and CA DS-2.5 films exposed for 7 and 18 days, respectively, the number-average molecular weight (M _n) of residual polymer decreased by 30.4% on day 5 and 20.3% on day 16, respectively. Furthermore, a decrease in the degree of substitution from 1.69 to 1.27 (4-day exposure) and from 2.51 to 2.18 (12-day exposure) was observed for the respective CA samples. In contrast, CA films (DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) which were exposed to abiotic control vessels for identical time periods showed no significant changes inM _n and DS. SEM photographs of CA (DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) film surfaces after compost exposures revealed severe erosion and corresponding microbial colonization. Similar exposure times for CA films in abiotic control vessels resulted in only minor changes in surface characteristics by SEM observations. The conversion of CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5 to CO₂ was monitored by respirometry. In these studies, powdered CA was placed in a predigested compost matrix which was maintained at 53°C and 60% moisture content throughout the incubation period. A lag phase of 10- and 25-day duration for CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5, respectively, was observed, after which the rate of degradation increased rapidly. Mineralization of exposed CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5 powders reported as the percentage theoretical CO₂ recovered reached 72.4 and 77.6% in 24 and 60 days, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that microbial degradation of CA films exposed to aerobic thermophilic laboratory-scale compost reactors not only results in film weight loss but also causes severe film pitting and a corresponding decrease in chainM _n and degree of substitution for the residual material. Furthermore, conversions to greater than 70% of the theoretical recovered CO₂ for CA (DS 1.7 and 2.5) substrates indicate high degrees of CA mineralization.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.     

应急监测空气和废气中醋酸乙烯

醋酸乙烯作为重要的有机化工原料在扬州多家化工企业使用,在此针对醋酸乙烯的理化性质,采用便携式采样器采集气体样品,参考了EPA．625方法中采样罐采样热脱附气相色谱-质谱法进行分析,但是热脱附装置和采样罐价格昂贵．质谱分析时间较长．操作要求高．不便于常规监测分析,现采用活性炭吸附气相色谱分析醋酸乙烯。通过实验总结出一套采样时间短分析速度快．灵敏度高的快速分析方法．为环境监测工作中醋酸乙烯应急监测提供分析参考。     

采用蒸气吹脱解附法对废弃活性炭回收醋酸丁酯的试验研究

试验用废弃活性炭做回收醋酸丁酯的研究,采用蒸气吹脱解附法,设计制作活性炭解吸塔,考察蒸气用量对活性炭解吸的影响,同时确定最佳解吸时间及可回收的丁酯量,并探讨回收醋酸丁酯的同时能够再生活性炭的试验条件。     

乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量的不确定度评定研究

采用乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量,并分析了测量过程中不确定度的来源:样品和标准物质的称量,容量瓶、移液管和滴定管的体积,以及测量的重复性等.在此基础上对各不确定度分量进行评定,并计算得到合成不确定度和扩展不确定度.最后提出了在测定过程中减小不确定度的有效途径,认为乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量的结果不确定度主要来源于重复性测定,增加测量次数可以减小重复性的不确定度,从而降低测定不确定度.当土壤中阳离子交换量为22.5 cmol(+)/kg时,扩展不确定度为1.0 cmol(+)/kg,置信水平为95%.     

DBE雾化吸收法治理乙酸乙酯废气的吸收装置研究

以环境友好型溶剂尼龙酸甲酯(DBE)为吸收剂,经超微雾化吸收乙酸乙酯废气。实验考察了钢丝表凝塔、玻璃管表凝塔、旋流片表凝塔、丝网表凝塔等实验装置的吸收效果和总回收率。结果表明:旋流片+丝网组合式结构的表凝塔具有较好的吸收率与除雾效果,雾化吸收的总回收率为85%。     

生物滴滤塔处理药厂含醋酸丁酯、正丁醇和苯乙酸的挥发性混合废气

研究采用装有特制ZX02型填料的生物滴滤塔,对某药厂青霉素车间现场发生的主要含醋酸丁酯、正丁醇和苯乙酸等混合废气进行了3个多月的连续处理中试试验.主要考察了醋酸丁酯、正丁醇和苯乙酸的进气污染物质量负荷(N_w)、停留时间和喷淋水量对各自去除率的影响及生物降解性能.实验运行结果表明,当醋酸丁酯、正丁醇和苯乙酸的最大Nw为229.5 g/(m³·h)、275.4g/(m³·h)和42.5 g/(m³·h)时,其去除率分别为96%、95%和100%.说明本生物滴滤塔能有效去除该厂混合废气,其最佳运行参数为:停留时间31.2s, 喷淋水量为4 L/(L·d).该滴滤塔抗冲击负荷能力强,无堵塞现象,无需经常进行反冲洗,可长期稳定运行.     

活性炭纤维对气体中醋酸丁酯吸附性能的研究

通过试验选择活性炭纤维作为吸附剂,吸气气体中醋酸丁酯。对影响其吸附性能的主要因素进行了研究。