The addition of microbes for treating textile wastewater

Some strains and culture of bacteria which are able to decolorize dyes and degrade polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) were isolated and selected. A pilot scale facultative anaerobic-aerobic biological process was applied for treatment of textile wastewater containing dyes and PVA. Activated carbon adsorption was used as a tertiary treatment stage, and residual sludge from clarifier returned to the anaerobic reactor again. The pilot test were carried out with two systems. One was inoculated by acclimated sludge, and the another was adding the mixed culture of dye-decoloring and PVA-degrading bacteria for forming biological films, the latter was observed to be more effective than the former. The test has run normally for ten months with a COD loading of 2.13 kg/m3/day, a BOD5 loading of 0.34 kg/m3/day in anaerobic reactor; a COD loading of 1.71 kg/m3/day, a BOD5 loading 0.44 kg/m3/day in aerobic reactor. The pollutants removal efficiency by adding microbes was about 20% higher than that by acclimated sludge. The aver     

厌氧流化床反应器微生物固定化载体筛选的研究

论述了在厌氧化床反应器中用包络法固定微生物的高分子载体筛选研究的情况。通过静态试验的对比，筛选出了微生物固定化效果好、产甲烷性能优良的聚丙烯酸酯类多孔高分子载体ＷＡＲ－８。用ＡＦＢ反应器进行合成葡萄糖废水的中温厌氧消化试验，达到了较高的处理性能指标。     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Mitigation and Renewable Oil from Photosynthetic Microbes: A New Appraisal

The only major strategy now being seriously considered for biological mitigation of atmospheric CO₂ relies entirely on terrestrial plants. Photosynthetic microbes were the focus of similar consideration in the 1990s. However, two major government-sponsored research programs in Japan and the USA concluded that the requisite technology was not feasible, and those programs were terminated after investing US$117 million and US$25 million, respectively. We report here on the results of a privately funded US$20 million program that has engineered, built, and successfully operated a commercial-scale (2 ha), modular, production system for photosynthetic microbes. The production system couples photobioreactors with open ponds in a two-stage process – a combination that was suggested, but never attempted – and has operated continuously for several years to produce Haematococcus pluvialis. The annually averaged rate of achieved microbial oil production from H. pluvialis is equivalent to <420 GJ ha ^-1 yr^-1, which exceeds the most optimistic estimates of biofuel production from plantations of terrestrial ``energy crops.' The maximum production rate achieved to date is equivalent to 1014 GJ ha^-1 yr^-1. We present evidence to demonstrate that a rate of 3200 GJ ha^-1 yr^-1 is feasible using species with known performance characteristics under conditions that prevail in the existing production system. At this rate, it is possible to replace reliance on current fossil fuel usage equivalent to ∼300 EJ yr^-1 – and eliminate fossil fuel emissions of CO₂ of ∼6.5 GtC yr^-1 – using only 7.3% of the surplus arable land projected to be available by 2050. By comparison, most projections of biofuels production from terrestrial energy crops would require in excess of 80% of surplus arable land. Oil production cost is estimated at $84/bbl, assuming no improvements in current technology. We suggest enhancements that could reduce cost to $50/bbl or less.     

模糊综合评价法判别堆肥腐熟度研究

对堆肥腐熟程度的评估方法作了研究，首次提出以模糊数学为基础，综合表观指数、碳氮比降解率、平均耗氧速率、微生物量、氨氮变化率等指标的模糊评估法。结果表明，该法全面、简便，有效地量化了堆肥的腐熟度。     

化合物对降解微生物毒性的简便测定方法

以对亚硝基－Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基苯胺盐为指示剂，测定化合物对降解微生物的毒性，测定条件为：温度２５℃，菌种投加量之１ｍｌ／Ｌ沉降０．５ｈ活性污泥，指示剂浓度１ｍｇ／Ｌ曝气量４００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，作用时间４ｈ，实验证明，当指示剂显著降解率〉７０％时无为毒，〈３０％为毒性较大，当降解率为５０％其毒性浓度抑制值与文献数据基本一致。     

水环境中化能自养微生物种群及固碳功能研究

化能自养微生物可通过还原性物质的氧化获取化学能以固定无机碳,在缺乏光照的海洋深处、水体沉积物等植物无法生存的环境中固碳,对吸收大气、海洋、湿地中的CO₂具有重要作用。本文基于化能自养微生物的研究现状,概述了其主要固碳途径及参与化能自养固碳的主要微生物类群,着重阐述了化能自养微生物在不同水环境中的固碳功能。同时,本文对水环境中化能自养微生物研究的趋势进行了展望,固碳量的精确计算与化能自养固定的有机碳的存在形式与去向应得到更多研究与探讨,以期增进对碳循环的相关认识。     

Microbe-mediated sustainable bio-recovery of gold from low-grade precious solid waste: A microbiological overview

In an era of electronics, recovering the precious metal such as gold from ever increasing piles of electronic-wastes and metal-ion infested soil has become one of the prime concerns for researchers worldwide. Biological mining is an attractive, economical and non-hazardous to recover gold from the low-grade auriferous ore containing waste or soil. This review represents the recent major biological gold retrieval methods used to bio-mine gold. The biomining methods discussed in this review include, bioleaching, bio-oxidation, bio-precipitation, bio-flotation, bio-flocculation, bio-sorption, bio-reduction, bio-electrometallurgical technologies and bioaccumulation. The mechanism of gold biorecovery by microbes is explained in detail to explore its intracellular mechanistic, which help it withstand high concentrations of gold without causing any fatal consequences. Major challenges and future opportunities associated with each method and how they will dictate the fate of gold bio-metallurgy from metal wastes or metal infested soil bioremediation in the coming future are also discussed. With the help of concurrent advancements in high-throughput technologies, the gold bio-exploratory methods will speed up our ways to ensure maximum gold retrieval out of such low-grade ores containing sources, while keeping the gold mining clean and more sustainable.     

外源碳氮添加对草地碳循环关键过程的影响

人类活动引起的大量的活性氮从大气沉降到生物圈.当前氮沉降对草地生态系统碳循环过程的影响机制仍然存在较大的不确定性.本文综述草地生态系统碳循环过程（植物光合作用、地上生物量、地下生物量、土壤呼吸、凋落物分解和土壤有机碳含量）对添加不同的氮源水平和不同施氮年限的响应,并分析这些过程变化的可能原因,同时,也阐述草地碳循环关键过程对外源碳输入的响应,并进一步分析了外源碳和氮输入对草地碳循环关键过程影响的微生物学作用机制.通过上述总结旨在强调说明碳源可利用性变化作为氮沉降背景下草地生态系统碳循环关键过程重要调控因素之一,开展相关研究对科学的管理我国草地资源配置和增加土壤碳汇方面理论的重要意义.     

一种厌氧同时脱氮除磷的新现象

通过多次尝试和重现性验证,首次证明了以葡萄糖为碳源的EBPR(A/O工艺)中的厌氧池可以实现"同时脱氮除磷"的功能,对磷和氨氮的去除效率甚至可以达到35%和40%左右.本文通过应用宏基因组学技术较好地解决了A/O反应器中厌氧同时脱氮除磷优势微生物的鉴定难题.针对这种厌氧同时脱氮除磷的生物现象,论文展开了有关微生物的培养、鉴定等方面的研究和讨论.对于这种新型的"厌氧同时脱氮除磷"现象及其优势微生物的鉴定,国内外还未见公开报道.     

反硝化微生物在污水脱氮中的研究及应用进展

农药和化肥流失、养殖废水、生活污水等均会引起水体的氮污染。反硝化微生物在污染水体脱氮修复中起重要作用,它可将水体中的亚硝酸盐氮或硝酸盐氮还原为N2,排入大气,从而降低污染水体中含氮污染物的浓度,改善水质。因此,对反硝化微生物进行研究有重要的意义。文章从功能特性、典型菌株、反硝化酶系等方面对反硝化微生物及其作用机制进行了论述,对其在污水脱氮方面的研究及应用进展做了较为详细的介绍,最后阐明了目前存在的问题和发展趋势。