长期施肥对稻田土壤微生物量、群落结构和活性的影响

以湖南省宁乡县长期定位施肥试验为平台,选取不施肥(CK)、全量化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田+化肥(ST)和有机肥+化肥(OM)这4种处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术和MicroRespTM方法,研究了长期施肥对水稻土微生物量、群落结构及活性的影响.结果表明,细菌、真菌、革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌PLFA含量均表现为OMSTNPKCK;PLFA主成分分析表明,相比CK处理,NPK、ST和OM处理中微生物的群落结构均发生了改变,特别是ST和OM处理变化更为显著.MicroRespTM结果表明,相比CK处理(1.28μg·h~(-1)),OM处理的土壤微生物对碳源平均利用率最高(1.81μg·h~(-1)),ST处理(1.19μg·h~(-1))次之,NPK处理(0.95μg·h~(-1))最低.不同施肥处理土壤微生物对不同碳源利用的偏好情况存在明显差异.当碳源底物为酮戊二酸、半乳糖和赖氨酸时,不同施肥处理土壤微生物对不同碳源利用差异十分明显.因此,长期化肥配合秸秆还田或配施有机肥显著改善土壤养分含量和土壤微生物量、微生物群落结构和活性,对于培肥地力和优化土壤微生物群落极为重要.     

土壤自养微生物同化碳向土壤有机碳库输入的定量研究：14C连续标记法

自养微生物在土壤中广泛存在,但其CO2同化能力及其向土壤碳库的输入机制尚不明确.应用14C连续标记示踪技术,选取亚热带区4种典型稻田土壤在密闭系统模拟培养,探讨了土壤自养微生物同化碳向土壤碳库的输入过程和机制及其对土壤碳库活性组分的影响.结果表明,土壤微生物具有客观的CO2同化能力.标记培养110 d后,供试土壤的14C-SOC含量范围为69.06～133.81 mg.kg-1,而14C-DOC、14C-MBC含量范围为2.54～8.10 mg.kg-1、19.50～49.16 mg.kg-1.土壤自养微生物同化碳(14C-SOC)与其微生物截留碳(14C-MBC)呈极显著的正相关关系.土壤可溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)和SOC的更新率分别为5.65%～24.91%、4.23%～20.02%和0.58%～0.92%.而且,土壤自养微生物同化碳的输入对土壤活性碳组分的DOC、MBC含量变化影响较大,而对SOC影响较小.对微生物在土壤碳循环过程的基本功能的认识在本研究中得以丰富和加深.     

高温解磷菌对堆肥所添加难溶性磷素转化的试验研究

为提高堆肥产品中可利用磷素含量,采用不接种解磷菌剂、不添加磷矿粉处理(CK),不接种解磷菌剂、添加磷矿粉处理(CP),接种解无机磷菌剂、添加磷矿粉处理(CMP)3种处理进行了堆肥试验,并对堆肥不同时期样品中磷组分的动态变化进行分析.结果表明,与CK比较,在堆肥不同时期, CMP、CP处理有机态磷、水溶性磷、速效磷均呈不同程度的增加.堆肥结束后, CP、CMP处理有机态磷、水溶性磷、速效磷与CK比较的增加值分别为2049.8、4188.6mg/kg,264.2、648.7 mg/kg,954.0、3576.4mg/kg,其中CMP处理分别是CP处理的2.04、2.46、3.75倍.试验结果证明,采用高温解无机细菌接种,可明显促进堆肥中添加难溶性磷矿粉的转化效率,提高堆肥产品中植物可利用磷素含量.     

昆明市不同功能区夏季空气微生物污染监测

为了监测和评价昆明市空气微生物污染状况,通过平皿自然沉降法,于2010年夏季对其不同功能区空气真菌和细菌进行了初步监测。结果表明:昆明市夏季空气微生物以细菌为主;以空气真菌含量评价为清洁;8月空气真菌含量最高,7月空气细菌含量最低;空气微生物含量日变化不明显。     

Integrated Waste Management in a Zone of Northern Italy: Compost Production and Use,and Analytical Control of Compost,Soil, and Crop

Agricultural soils of two Italian maize farms were treated for five years with an industrially produced high-quality compost. Cattle manure and the usual mineral fertilizer were used for comparison purposes. The effects of the organic and mineral fertilizer treatments were studied by analyzing the compost and manure, cultured soils, and harvested material. The grain yield was also determined. Organic fertilization improved soil pH, CEC, content of organic matter and NPK. Soil respiration and N mineralization were found to be higher than in the purely mineral-treated soil. Plant K take-up was improved, whereas grain yield was not affected. It was confirmed that organic fertilization, particularly compost use, maintained and increased soil fertility. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using in loco analytical facilities to follow the entire recycling process—from waste to compost production—and the use of the final product in the field.     

Home composting versus industrial composting: Influence of composting system on compost quality with focus on compost stability

Stability is one of the most important properties of compost obtained from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes. This property is essential for the application of compost to land to avoid further field degradation and emissions of odors, among others. In this study, a massive characterization of compost samples from both home producers and industrial facilities is presented. Results are analyzed in terms of chemical and respiration characterizations, the latter representing the stability of the compost. Results are also analyzed in terms of statistical validation. The main conclusion from this work is that home composting, when properly conducted, can achieve excellent levels of stability, whereas industrial compost produced in the studied facilities can also present a high stability, although an important dispersion is found in these composts. The study also highlights the importance of respiration techniques to have a reliable characterization of compost quality, while the chemical characterization does not provide enough information to have a complete picture of a compost sample.     

Road to full bioconversion of biowaste to biochemicals centering on chain elongation: A mini review

Production of biochemicals from waste streams has been attracting increasing worldwide interest to achieve climate protection goals. Chain elongation(CE) for production of mediumchain carboxylic acids(MCCAs, especially caproate, enanthate and caprylate) from diverse biowaste has emerged as a potential economic and environmental technology for a sustainable society. The present mini review summarizes the research utilizing various synthetic or real waste-derived substrates available for MCCA production. Additionally, the microbial characteristics of the CE process are surveyed and discussed. Considering that a large proportion of recalcitrantly biodegradable biowaste and residues cannot be further utilized by CE systems and remain to be treated and disposed, we propose here a loop concept of bioconversion of biowaste to MCCAs making full use of the biowaste with zero emission. This could make possible an alternative technology for synthesis of value-added products from a wide range of biowaste, or even non-biodegradable waste(such as, plastics and rubbers). Meanwhile, the remaining scientific questions, unsolved problems, application potential and possible developments for this technology are discussed.     

南亚热带不同植被根际微生物数量与根际土壤养分状况

研究了包括尾叶桉、广东凤丫蕨、柳叶竹、大叶相思、青皮、木荷、湿地松在内的7种南亚热带不同植物植被下土壤根际微生物与根际养分状况及其相关关系。结果表明,根际环境对细菌有明显的正效应,对放线菌和真菌有正、负两方面的影响,但对根际微生物总量具有根际效应明显;在南亚热带森林生态系统中.在植物的某些生长季节,微生物的根际效应与土壤养分的根际效应一致     

污泥堆肥中二恶英类物质的探讨

污泥堆肥是污泥资源化的一种较好的方式，但其中如含有二恶英将对人体和环境产生危害。污泥的堆肥处理过程对二恶英减少没有作用。因此，应对污水来源进行筛选，选用二恶英类物质低于土壤风险含量1000Pg-TEQ／g的污水污泥进行堆肥处理和利用。     

生物脱臭技术的现状与展望

生物脱臭技术是利用固定在载体上的微生物 ,分解H2 S、NH3、有机溶剂等有害、发臭气体 ,使之成为无害、无味气体 ,从而达到除臭的目的。生物脱臭法与活性炭吸附、药液吸收等物理化学脱臭法相比 ,具有维护管理简单、运行成本低等优点。指出生物脱臭技术是一种应用前景广泛的除臭技术