不同耕作方式对土壤性质与玉米生长的影响研究

通过种植前对土壤进行不同耕作处理试验,探讨不同耕作方式和耕作深度（30 cm,35 cm,45 cm）对土壤理化性状及玉米（Zea mays L）根系生长的影响。结果表明,三种耕作方式对土壤容重、土壤含水量、土壤微生物总量、玉米根系生长的影响表现为：深松耕作〉传统耕作〉免耕。其中,深松耕作对表层土壤（0～25 cm）容重降低作用大于深层土壤（25～45 cm）;对增加土壤含水量、增加土壤微生物总量、促进玉米根系生长方面的作用,深层土壤大于表层土壤;从不同耕作深度进行比较,深松45 cm〉深松35 cm〉深松30 cm〉传统耕作,即耕作越深,对土壤物理性状和作物根系生长影响越大。不同耕作处理间玉米产量无显著性差异。综合研究区的土壤性质、作物生长、自然环境等因素,雨养农区可采用免耕—深松的循环耕作模式,改良土壤性质,提高经济效益。     

Quality assessment of composts in the Greek market: the need for standards and quality assurance

An extensive data survey and study of the Greek market for composts or products marketed as such was carried out in order to acquire a comprehensive image of the local situation, in view of the proposed operation of large municipal solid waste (MSW) composting facilities and EU legislation changes. Physical and chemical parameters (moisture, organic matter, electrical conductivity, pH and heavy metals), stability indicators (self-heating potential, germination index) and biological indicators (microbial population, pathogen indicators and selected pathogens) were analyzed for the assessment of product quality. Results revealed wide variations even within the same group of products, which is particularly significant for parameters directly related to environmental protection and public health. The heavy metal content ranged from levels exceeding the fairly lenient Greek standards to below the stringent limits for A+ class compost in Austria. About 25% of the composts examined met the heavy metal limits for the EU eco-label award. Salmonella spp. was not detected in any of the composts but Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens were found in 17 and 96% of the composts respectively. Pathogen indicator microorganisms were present at levels above suggested limits in all the composts. The high variability of such important parameters in composts available on the Greek market suggests an urgent need for establishing quality assurance procedures and mechanisms in the country. Moreover, the wide range of limit values within EU member states suggests the need for developing EU compost quality standards, in order to harmonize the compost markets.     

Composting of vinasse and cotton gin waste by using two different systems

Two composts were obtained by co-composting of a concentrated depotassified beet vinasse and cotton gin waste using two different aeration systems: static aerated pile (forced aeration provided by a blower whom operated in the positive mode) and windrow (turned pile). The composting mixtures were cotton gin trash (55%) and vinasse (45%) (dry weight). In static pile, the total amount of vinasse was added at the beginning of the process whereas, in windrow two additions of vinasse were performed. Differences in temperature changes between both composting systems were found: a faster increase of temperature in the windrow (54 °C at 7 days) than in the static pile (45 °C at 21 days) was observed. Probably in the static pile system, the compaction of the substrates made difficult the correct distribution of the air inside the pile. Moreover, after the second addition of vinasse a new thermophilic phase was started in windrow. The different aeration systems and the way of addition of vinasse could cause differences in organic matter (OM) degradation and in weight (22.6% for the static pile and 26.7% for the windrow) and gas losses during the process. Nevertheless, the composts obtained by the two systems had a high fertilizer value (25.1 g kg⁻¹ N; 3.2 g kg⁻¹ P₂O₅; 21.4 g kg⁻¹ K₂O; C/N8) for compost obtained in static pile and (16.2 g kg⁻¹ N; 3.4 g kg⁻¹ P₂O₅; 16.1 g kg⁻¹ K₂O; C/N 12) for compost obtained in the windrow). A high degree of stability was reached in the final composts. Composting of vinasse with cotton gin waste serves two objectives, disposal of wastes and recycling of waste components.     

生态厕所的性能和应用性分析

厕所是重要的污染源,厕所的污水排放给城镇污水处理厂造成很大的压力,也是农村面源污染的重要污染源。通过对南京下关区公共厕所情况现状调查和污染物监测结果,对生态厕所的基础性能进行实验测试,结果表明,生态厕所将排泄物中的N,P及其他污染成分分解成为农用肥料,无污染物外排,对节约水资源、减轻环境压力具有重要的现实意义。     

化肥减量配施有机肥对土壤功能微生物和柠檬产量及品质的影响

为明确化肥减量配施有机肥处理非根际/根际土壤功能微生物(硝化、反硝化和溶磷微生物)对柠檬产量和品质的影响,以柠檬果实和非根际/根际土壤为研究对象,将传统果实品质测定与分子生物学技术相结合,探究化肥减量配施有机肥处理非根际/根际土壤功能微生物与柠檬产量和品质之间的相互关系.结果表明：(1)70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理显著增加硝化强度和磷酸酶活性,但有效控制反硝化酶活性.(2)化肥减量配施有机肥显著降低硝化微生物和nirS和nirK基因反硝化微生物的丰度.同时,增加nosZ基因反硝化微生物和phoD基因溶磷微生物的丰度.但是,功能微生物群落结构多样性在化肥减量配施有机肥处理没有明确的规律性.(3)相较于化肥和有机肥,70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理柠檬产量最高,果实品质最佳.(4)氮素及其转化的相关微生物通过柠檬内在和外观品质显著影响柠檬产量;而磷素及其转化微生物主要通过柠檬内在品质影响柠檬产量.此外,非根际土和根际土对柠檬内在品质的影响因子存在明显的分异现象.由上可知,70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理显著影响土壤氮、磷功能微生物进而提升柠檬产量和品质.