贵州茂兰喀斯特森林不同演替下土壤真核微生物多样性

真核微生物是茂兰喀斯特森林土壤微生物中的重要组成部分,在生态系统物质循环和能量流动中扮演着重要角色.为了解茂兰喀斯特森林不同演替阶段下土壤真核微生物群落组成及其多样性,利用18S rDNA高通量测序技术研究了原生林(YSL)、灌木林(GML)、灌木丛(GMC)和草地(CD)这4种演替阶段下土壤真核微生物群落多样性.结果表明,在不同分类水平下,不同演替阶段土壤真核微生物群落组成相似.α多样性指数存在显著差异, Shannon指数与Simpson指数在不同演替阶段表现为:YSLGMCGMLCD. NMDS分析表明不同演替阶段土壤真核微生物群落结构存在差异; LEfSe分析表明,YSL中差异指示种数量高于GML、GML和CD.本研究结果为研究不同演替阶段下土壤真核微生物提供了理论基础.     

硝酸盐浓度对微生物燃料电池阳极产电性能的影响

采用以假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.C27为阳极优势菌属的微生物燃料电池(MFC)为研究对象,重点考察了进水中的硝酸盐浓度对于MFC系统产电及污染物去除的影响.实验结果表明,硝酸盐对于MFC的库仑效率(CE)影响较大,当硝酸盐浓度为250 mg·L~(-1)时,其电压下降段库仑效率仅为0.17%,而阳极未加入硝酸盐时,库仑效率为9.3%.当阳极初始硝酸盐浓度由0 mg·L~(-1)增加到250 mg·L~(-1)时,系统的传荷内阻由16.3Ω下降至11.2Ω,输出电压经短暂的电压下降后迅速回升至稳定,其稳定阶段输出电压与未受抑制阶段基本持平,最大输出功率可达到120 m W·m~(-2)左右.当硝酸盐浓度大于300 mg·L~(-1)时,硝酸盐对阳极微生物产电活性造成不可逆的抑制作用,系统产电能力大幅度下降且无法恢复至未受抑制阶段.可见,阳极生物反硝化过程对阳极生物产电具有电子竞争作用,过高的硝酸盐浓度会造成阳极生物膜产电性能降低甚至完全丧失.     

Rapid estimation of compost enzymatic activity by spectral analysis method combined with machine learning

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using visible near-infrared (VisNIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) as an easy, inexpensive, and rapid method to predict compost enzymatic activity, which traditionally measured by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA-HR) assay. Compost samples representative of five different compost facilities were scanned by DRS, and the raw reflectance spectra were preprocessed using seven spectral transformations for predicting compost FDA-HR with six multivariate algorithms. Although principal component analysis for all spectral pretreatments satisfactorily identified the clusters by compost types, it could not separate different FDA contents. Furthermore, the artificial neural network multilayer perceptron (residual prediction deviation = 3.2, validation r² = 0.91 and RMSE = 13.38 μg g^?1 h^?1) outperformed other multivariate models to capture the highly non-linear relationships between compost enzymatic activity and VisNIR reflectance spectra after Savitzky–Golay first derivative pretreatment. This work demonstrates the efficiency of VisNIR DRS for predicting compost enzymatic as well as microbial activity.     

Investigation of affecting parameters on treating high-strength compost leachate in a hybrid EGSB and fixed-bed reactor followed by electrocoagulation–flotation process

In this research, treatability of high-load compost leachate in a hybrid expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) and fixed-bed (FB) bioreactor followed by electrocoagulation–flotation (ECF) system was examined. The operational factors in EGSB–FB were influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), hydraulic retention time (HRT) and COD/nitrogen ratio (COD/N). And, their interactive effects on the efficiency of COD removal and biogas production rate (BPR) as responses were analyzed and correlated by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions of the hybrid EGSB–FB reactor were acquired at COD = 7800 mg/L, HRT = 35 h, COD/N = 70, in which COD removal efficiency was 83% and BPR 94 mL/h. The amount of confidence interval was 95%. COD (relevant coefficient = 9.8) and HRT (relevant coefficient = −24) were resulted respectively as the most effective parameters on COD removal and BPR. Yet, COD/N parameter imposed negative effect on COD removal and BPR in values less than about 100. The outcomes indicated that operated ECF as post-treatment in constant conditions (electrolysis time = 75 min, electrodes distance = 3 cm, voltage = 20 V) successfully satisfied discharge criteria in the most part of experimental domains.     

杭州市空气微生物群落碳代谢特征研究

利用Biolog技术,研究了杭州市4个样点,即延安路商业街(Yan’an Road Business Street,YRBS)、天目山路与教工路口(Tianmushan Jiaogong Cross Road,TJCR)、浙江工商大学教工路校区(Zhejiang Gongshang University Jiaogong Campus,ZJGUSJC)、西湖曲院风荷(Breeze-ruffled Lotus at Quyuan Garden,BLQG)空气微生物群落碳代谢特征.结果表明,不同样点空气微生物样品平均颜色变化率(Average Well Color Development,AWCD)在培养240 h后达到稳定,并且4个样点的AWCD值即对单一碳源的利用能力具有显著差异,YRBS>TJCR≈ZJGSUJC>BLQG;YRBS、TJCR、ZJGSUJC和BLQG空气中微生物物种的多样性和丰富度依次减少;不同样点空气微生物对糖类和氨基酸类碳源利用程度较高,对其它碳源利用程度较低,且同一样点对不同单一碳源的利用程度也存在显著差异,YRBS对糖类碳源的利用程度最高,对聚合物类碳源利用程度最低,BLQG对糖类碳源的利用程度最高,对胺类碳源利用程度最低;不同样点空气微生物群落碳代谢基质主成分1(PC1)贡献度为43.8%,主成分2(PC2)贡献度23.4%,YRBS、BLQG和TJCR的空气微生物群落差异较大,碳代谢功能差异显著,而TJCR与ZJGSUJC碳代谢功能无显著差异.     

浅谈锡山市垃圾堆肥处理

根据锡山市垃圾的现状和特点，采用堆肥法处理垃圾，收到良好的环境和效益和社会经济效益。     

Diverse molecular compositions of dissolved organic matter derived from different composts using ESI FT-ICR MS

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from various composts can promote significant changes of soil properties. However, little is known about the DOM compositions and their similarities and differences at the molecular level. In this study, the molecular compositions of DOM derived from kitchen waste compost (KWC), green waste compost (GWC), manure waste compost (MWC), and sewage sludge compost (SSC) were characterized by electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS). The molecular formulas were classified into four subcategories: CHO, CHON, CHOS, and CHONS. The KWC, MWC, and SSC DOM represented the highest fraction (35.8%-47.4%) of CHON subcategory, while the GWC DOM represented the highest fraction (68.4%) of CHO subcategory. The GWC DOM was recognized as the nitrogen- and sulfur-deficient compounds that were less saturated, more aromatic, and more oxidized compared with other samples. Further analysis of the oxygen, nitrogen-containing (N-containing), and sulfur-containing (S-containing) functional groups in the four subcategories revealed higher organic molecular complexity. Comparison of the similarities and differences of the four samples revealed 22.8% ubiquitous formulas and 17.4%, 11.1%, 10.7%, and 6.3% unique formulas of GWC, KWC, SSC, and MWC DOM, respectively, suggesting a large proportion of ubiquitous DOM as well as unique, source-specific molecular signatures. The findings presented herein provide new insight into the molecular characterization of DOM derived from various composts and demonstrated the potential role of these different compounds for agricultural utilization.     

接种微生物与人粪便同步连续投加对好氧堆肥效果的影响

利用新型梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器,在通风量为3．0L／min,搅拌频率为5min／h的条件下,就不接种微生物、接种土著菌种、枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌时人粪便连续投加好氧堆肥效果进行了对比。堆制20d即2个运行周期中各堆体的温度、含水率、COD、总氮、pH值与GI等的变化表明,接种微生物可以显著提高堆体的升温速率与堆体平均温度、COD降解率、Ct（P〈0．01）,堆肥可迅速达到完全腐熟。接种土著菌种效果最为明显（P〈0．01）,其后相继为枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌。接种土著菌种可使堆体温度在50℃以上维持18d,第8天COD降解率达到61．17％、总氮损失率为25．75％,第6天时GI达到108．22％。     

添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟齐对堆肥的影响

通过在高温好氧堆肥中分别添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂,研究接种3％o的VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂促进堆肥的作用效果。结果表明,接种VT菌剂的处理与空白和接种有机物料腐熟剂的处理相比,堆肥初期升温更快;高温期更长;堆肥结束时,C／N降低的多,NO3-N增加的多,NH4-N挥发的少,接种VT菌剂和VT有机物料腐熟剂都可促进有机质的充分降解,缩短堆肥时间,加快堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥肥力。     

Assessment of aided phytostabilization of copper-contaminated soil by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemical extractions

Field plots were established at a timber treatment site to evaluate remediation of Cu contaminated topsoils with aided phytostabilization. Soil containing 2600 mg kg⁻¹ Cu was amended with a combination of 5 wt% compost and 2 wt% iron grit, and vegetated. Sequential extraction was combined with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy to correlate changes in Cu distribution across five fractions with changes in the predominant Cu compounds two years after treatment in parallel treated and untreated field plots. Exchangeable Cu dominated untreated soil, most likely as Cu(II) species non-specifically bound to natural organic matter. The EXAFS spectroscopic results are consistent with the sequential extraction results, which show a major shift in Cu distribution as a result of soil treatment to the fraction bound to poorly crystalline Fe oxyhydroxides forming binuclear inner-sphere complexes.