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221.
Brian Furze 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1989,2(1):59-67
Food is a basic human need and therefore a basic human right. While food output has increased to a level where there is enough food produced to feed the world, still millions starve. Using the concept of capitalist world economy as a framework, this paper provides a structural analysis of the food production and distribution system within monopoly capitalism and its implications for countries of the underdeveloped world. Focusing on the impact of a dominant world food supply system on indigenous systems (particularly through the rise of science, technology, and monopoly capital), considerations relating to environmental use and food production and distribution are raised. Finally a call is made for a new agricultural ethic. 相似文献
222.
David G. Streets 《Environmental management》1989,13(4):393-399
The United States is finding it difficult to develop a coherent policy on acid rain. Despite more than a decade of scientific research and policy initiatives, no clear course of action has been identified. This article argues that what is missing is an integrated assessment of the scientific knowledge that will guide the political process. The role of the integrated assessment is described, and a conceptual framework presented that would accomplish the desired goal. Currently available acid rain assessment models are compared against this framework and found to be less than satisfactory. The article concludes by stressing the opportunity now available to the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program to perform such an assessment and break the logjam. 相似文献
223.
The land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) method has been used extensively in the United States to assess agricultural
land suitability for different localities. Despite widespread use, LESA models rarely have been evaluated in a systematic,
comprehensive manner. This article discusses development of a LESA system for Hawaii, the first statewide application of the
LESA methodology. The empirical model was implemented with a computerized geographic information system (GIS). The system's
efficiency, ability to discriminate among land parcels, and robustness to subjective model parameter values are evaluated
with statistical analyses and map overlays of GIS data. Results show great potential to simplify the original model specification,
primarily through deletion of marginal site assessment factors. System output was generally insensitive to the numeric values
selected for model parameters, with exception of the ratio used to combine the land evaluation (LE) and site assessment (SA)
component scores. Relative supplies of the differing land attributes measured by the two components must be considered in
determining an appropriate LE:SA ratio for a given area. 相似文献
224.
Environmental degradation, competition for resources, increasing food demands, and the integration of agriculture into the
international economy threaten the sustainability of many food production systems. Despite these concerns, the concept of
sustainable food production systems remains unclear, and recent attempts to appraise sustainability have been hampered by
conceptual inconsistencies and the absence of workable definitions. Six perspectives are shown to underpin the concept. Environmental
accounting identifies biophysical limits for agriculture. Sustained yield refers to output levels that can be maintained continuously.
Carrying capacity defines maximum population levels that can be supported in perpetuity. Production unit viability refers
to the capacity of primary producers to remain in agriculture. Product supply and security focuses on the adequacy of food
supplies. Equity is concerned with the spatial and temporal distribution of products dervied from resource use. Many studies
into sustainable agriculture cover more than one of these perspectives, indicating the concept is complex and embraces issues
relating to the biophysical, social, and economic environments. Clarification of the concept would facilitate the development
of frameworks and analytical systems for appraising the sustainability of food production systems.
LRRC Contribution No. 90–46. 相似文献
225.
226.
S. W. Hostetler 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1991,27(4):637-647
ABSTRACT: Steamboat Creek basin is an important source of timber and provides crucial spawning and rearing habitat for anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Because stream temperatures are near the upper limit of tolerance for the survival of juvenile steelhead, the possible long-term effect of clear-cut logging on stream temperatures was assessed. Twenty-year (1969–1989) records of summer stream temperature and flow from four tributaries and two reaches of Steamboat Creek and Boulder Creek (a nearby unlogged watershed) were analyzed. Logging records for the Steamboat Creek basin and air temperature records also were used in the analysis. A time-series model of the components of stream temperature (seasonal cycle of solar radiation, air temperature, streamflow, an autoregressive term of order 1, and a linear trend variable) was fitted to the water-temperature data. The linear trend variable was significant in all the fitted models except Bend Creek (a tributary fed by cool ground-water discharge) and Boulder Creek. Because no trends in either climate (i.e., air temperature) or streamflow were found in the data, the trend variable was associated with the pre-1969 loss and subsequent regrowth of riparian vegetation and shading canopies. 相似文献
227.
四川省自贡市蛋鸡场鸡粪处理工艺 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文主要阐述自贡市蛋鸡场在养鸡生产实践中面临着鸡粪处理这一难题,选用四川省农机所设计,并由四川省资中通风机械厂试剂的GZS-0.5型鸡粪干燥成套设备进行鸡粪加工的工作,本场对GZS-0.5型鸡粪干燥成套设备废气的净化处理有所改进创新。 相似文献
228.
Morris L. Maslia Mustafa M. Aral Robert C. Williams Allan S. Susten Janet L. Heitgerd 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(6):1025-1041
ABSTRACT: Simulation of ground-water flow and fate of contaminants in the subsurface environment constitutes a major phase of most environmental assessment and site remediation studies. These simulation studies yield information on spatial and temporal distributions of contaminants in the subsurface media. An important use of this information is to conduct exposure assessment studies. Spatial and temporal distributions of both chemical concentrations and exposed populations render this integrated exposure analysis task rather difficult. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), on the other hand, provide a platform in which layered, spatially distributed databases can be manipulated with ease, thereby simplifying exposure analysis tasks significantly. In this paper, we describe procedures that combine the simulation models and demographic databases under a GIS platform to automate the exposure assessment phase of a typical health assessment study. Procedures developed herein significantly simplify the post-processing phase of the analysis, and render the overall task more ‘user friendly.’ A site-specific application is included as a demonstration of the proposed process. 相似文献
229.
Malcolm J. R. Clark Paul H. Whitfield 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(6):1063-1079
ABSTRACT: Current conventions for reporting analytical results from environmental samples brings the objectives of laboratory scientists into conflict with those of environmental scientists. The objective of chemical analyses is to provide estimates of the true composition of samples. Reported results must reflect the analytical uncertainty. Current conventions require left-censoring of those results below the Limit of Detection. The objective of statistical interpretation of environmental data is to provide estimates of the characteristics of ecosystems. Such statistical analyses are often confounded by left-censoring of analytical results. We review the different points of view and propose a compromise which recognizes these conflicting perspectives. 相似文献
230.
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) created by the 1986 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act initially received
limited attention. During the early years of its implementation, the TRI has become the basis for a national experiment in
voluntaristic problem solving among citizens and industry, but that process of environmental democracy hinges on citizens'
ability to actually acquire, understand, and apply the new data on industrial toxic emissions. A national study of TRI-using
organizations in the public and private sectors reveals that effective citizen access depends in part on the efforts of intermediary
public interest groups to bridge individual needs and right-to-know data. Although the TRI has had early success as a supplement
to conventional command and control regulation, questions exist about the extent to which state and federal government should
or must provide special efforts to make environmental information access work for citizens. 相似文献