间伐对杉木人工林林下植被多样性及其营养元素现存量影响

间伐改变了林分结构,影响林下植被的生长和发育,但长期间伐对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林下植被多样性的影响尚缺乏系统研究。在浙江开化通过样地调查,采用Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数研究3种间伐处理下杉木人工林林下植被多样性的变化;分析林下植被主要营养元素含量,研究间伐对营养元素现存量的影响。以试验区传统经营方式为对照,即林木生长中期（第14年）进行1次轻度间伐（间伐强度约15%,T1）;中度（总间伐强度约35%, T2）和强度（总间伐强度约50%,T3）间伐均在第7年和第14年进行了2次间伐。间伐15年后的结果表明,3种间伐处理下,林下植物种类数分别为18种（T1）、17种（T2）和20种（T3）,林下植被总密度和盖度均随间伐强度增加而增大;林下植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数在不同间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。林下植被全碳（TC）、全磷（TP）和全钾（TK）含量在不同间伐处理之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,全氮（TN）含量随间伐强度增加而降低,其中T3处理显著低于T1（P＜0.05）。林下植被生物量随间伐强度增大而增加,林下植被TC、TN、TP和TK现存量在不同间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。这些试验结果说明杉木人工林间伐15年后间伐强度不会显著影响林下植被多样性和营养元素的积累。     

Introduced Species and Management of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nothofagus/Austrocedrus</Emphasis> Forest

Isla Victoria (Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina), a large island dominated by native Nothofagus and Austrocedrus forest, has old plantations of many introduced tree species, some of which are famed invaders of native ecosystems elsewhere. There are also large populations of introduced deer and shrubs that may interact in a complex way with the introduced trees, as well as a recently arrived population of wild boar. Long-standing concern that the introduced trees will invade and transform native forest may be unwarranted, as there is little evidence of progressive invasion, even close to the plantations, despite over 50 years of opportunity. Introduced and native shrubs allow scattered introduced trees to achieve substantial size in abandoned pastures, but in almost all areas neither the trees nor the shrubs appear to be spreading beyond these sites. These shrub communities may be stable rather than successional, but the technology for restoring them to native forest is uncertain and probably currently impractical. Any attempt to remove the exotic tree seedlings and saplings from native forest would probably create the very conditions that would favor colonization by exotic plants rather than native trees, while simply clear-cutting the plantations would be unlikely to lead to regeneration of Nothofagus or Austrocedrus. The key to maintaining native forest is preventing catastrophic fire, as several introduced trees and shrubs would be favored over native dominant trees in recolonization. Deer undoubtedly interact with both native and introduced trees and shrubs, but their net effect on native forest is not yet clear, and specific management of deer beyond the current hunting by staff is unwarranted, at least if preventing tree invasion is the goal. The steep terrain and shallow soil make the recently arrived boar a grave threat to the native forest. Eradication is probably feasible and should be attempted quickly.     

X-ray Microanalysis of Needles from Douglas Fir Growing in Environments of Contrasting Acidity

Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] shoots from mature trees were collected from two sites of contrasting soil pH: the Glendon campus of York University in Toronto, Canada (pH 6.7 at 40 cm) designated Can.; and Breuil Forest, Morvan, France (pH 4 to 4.5) designated Fr.. Needles were removed from the shoots, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and kept in a cryo-biological storage system prior to X-ray microanalysis on the cold stage (−170°C) of a cryo-SEM. Four elements detected, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine, were ubiquitous in the needle tissues from both sites. Manganese was infrequently found in needle tissues from the Fr. site. Calcium was localized most heavily in the outer tangential wall of the hypodermis and also in the epidermal walls. Silicon (Si) concentrations were higher in the Fr. site than in the Can. site. The epidermis, hypodermis and mesophyll of needles from the Fr. site exhibited the highest Si content, with greater amounts in the tip and middle of the needle than in the base. Aluminium was distributed fairly evenly throughout the tissues, and there were few major sites of concentration.     

杉木粉对两种赤潮藻去除的试验研究

利用船基围隔试验,探讨了杉木粉对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)两种赤潮藻的去除效果.并以斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和卤虫无节幼体(Artemia sinica)为材料,对杉木粉及其有效成分杉木精油的毒性进行了测试.结果显示,杉木粉用量为76.9 mg/L时具有显著去除米氏凯伦藻的作用;浓度为38.4mg/L时可显著去除东海原甲藻.杉木粉对斑马鱼的24 h、48 h半致死浓度分别为2.8 g/L、2.4 g/L,安全浓度为0.6 g/L.利用杉木粉控制赤潮有一定的应用前景.     

不同立地管理措施对2代杉木人工林某些土壤性质的影响

在29a生1代杉木林采伐迹地上用5种林地处理方式进行2代杉木人工林营造,并研究处理后3a土壤体积质量、pH值、有机质的变化.结果表明BL3BM0(收获树干和树皮、加倍采伐剩余物)处理方式对降低土壤体积质量和提高土壤pH值的作用最大,是最佳的立地管理措施,而BL0BM0(收获地上所有有机质)处理的作用正相反,增加土壤体积质量和降低土壤pH值的幅度最大,对土壤肥力的维持最为不利.火烧采伐剩余处理并非最差的立地管理方式.     

Environmental performance and spillover effects on productivity: evidence from horticultural firms

This study investigates the effect of environmental investment and related spillover effects on productivity in the agricultural sector by using a panel data of horticultural firms in Andalusia (Southern Spain). The results indicate a positive relationship between firm investment in environmental practices and productivity improvement, also showing the presence of positive environmental spillovers. In a second-stage of analysis, the incidence of environmental factors in firm specific individual technical efficiency is estimated. This analysis also shows the link between environmental knowledge diffusion and horticultural firms' performance.     

广西罗城马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林碳储量及其动态变化

对广西罗城仫佬族自治县杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）桉树（Eucalyptus grandis x E.urophylla）人工林生态系统碳含量、碳储量进行了研究,结果表明：不同发育阶段马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林林下植被含碳率变化幅度为37.96%~49.03%,枯落物含碳率为41.8%～49.6%之间,马尾松幼龄林林下植被含碳率最高,2年生桉树林枯落物含碳率最小。0~60 cm土层含碳率变化幅度为0.45%～2.17%,0~20 cm土层含碳率表现为杉木〉马尾松〉桉树。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林生态系统碳储量分别为135.61、144.30、87.54 t.hm-2,马尾松和桉树人工林生态系统碳储量均表现为随林龄的增加而增加,马尾松幼龄和近熟林碳储量分别高于杉木,杉木中龄林碳储量高于马尾松中龄林。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林乔木碳储量分别占其总碳储量的43.03%、34.44%、22.92%。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林下植被碳储量表现为桉树（2.54 t.hm-2）〉杉木（1.91 t.hm-2）〉马尾松（0.89 t.hm-2）。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林枯落物碳储量分别占其总碳储量的1.64%、4.56%、1.95%。马尾松、杉木、桉树人工林土壤碳储量分别为74.13、86.48、62.95 t.hm-2,杉木人工林土壤碳储量最高,桉树最小,0~20 cm土层碳储量成为土壤的主体,马尾松0~20 cm土层碳储量占其土壤总碳储量的47.03%,杉木占51.67%,桉树为42.58%。乔木和土壤碳储量成为整个森林生态系统的主要的碳储存库。     

安徽大别山区杉木人工林乔木层生物量模型及碳贮量

根据杉木人工林年龄(10、22、45、48和50年生)梯度,在安徽大别山海拔较高山地调查了23块20m×20m的样地,采集18株不同径阶和树高的标准木,进行了生物量测定。利用7种常用的分别以D、D2、DH和D2 H为自变量的生物量模型对其进行拟合,得到35个生物量估算模型。结果显示,幂函数模型的拟合效果较好,多项式模型效果较差,从中优选出5个最优模型,枝、干、根和全株的最优模型是W=aDb形式的幂函数模型,叶的最优模型是W=a+bD2+cD4形式的多项式模型。杉木不同器官的碳含量变化范围在46.64%~53.13%,过熟林(45~50年生)杉木不同器官的碳含量按高低排列均为树皮树根树叶树枝树干,根系碳含量高于地上部枝叶的碳含量,而中幼林龄(10和22年生)杉木地下部分树根的碳含量明显低于地上部分。碳贮量在不同器官中的分配,10和22年生的高低排序为树干树枝树根树叶,过熟林杉木的高低排序为树干树根树枝树叶。不同林龄杉木林生物量碳贮量分别为10年生59.39、22年生59.55、45年生136.92、48年生201.25和50年生134.60Mg C/hm2。不同林龄的杉木林根系生物量碳贮量比例为14.84%~23.79%,随林龄的增长而提高。研究结果显示较高海拔的立地环境促进了杉木林地下根系生物量积累,这种生物量分配可能对土壤有机碳蓄积产生重要影响。     

不同添加量凋落物及生物质炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以亚热带杉木人工林土壤为研究对象,采用培养试验,研究了杉木凋落物及其生物质炭(Biochar,BC)在不同添加量条件下(0、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%土壤质量分数)对土壤微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明:凋落物处理的土壤微生物总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)、细菌、真菌含量均随添加量的增加而增加,而丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和放线菌(ACT)含量在不同添加量处理间则无显著差异.对于BC处理,在3%添加量下土壤微生物总PLFA、革兰氏阳性细菌(GP)、革兰氏阴性细菌(GN)、真菌、AMF和ACT含量均达到最大,表明BC对土壤微生物活性的促进作用与凋落物截然不同.此外,凋落物添加对真菌的影响较大,但对ACT的影响则显著低于BC处理.主成分分析表明,凋落物和BC添加均显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构,且前者的影响更为明显,而添加量对其影响则较小.冗余分析发现,土壤全氮与C/N比值分别为影响凋落物与BC处理中微生物群落结构变化的主要因子.