Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near New England coastal waters

Wet and dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured at Nahant, Massachusetts, a peninsula jutting into Massachusetts Bay and Wolf Neck, a peninsula jutting into Casco Bay, Maine. Wet deposition (rain and snow) was collected in a funnel which drains into a shielded, temperature controlled receiving bottle. Dry deposition of gaseous and particulate PAHs was collected onto an exposed water surface. PAHs were analyzed by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen PAH species were analyzed, ranging from acenaphthylene to coronene. The mean wet deposition rate of the sum of the 16 species is 720 ng m⁻² cm⁻¹ precipitation at Nahant, and 831 ng m⁻² cm⁻¹ precipitation at Wolf Neck. Wet deposition is attributed to regional PAH emitting sources. Storm patterns appear to bring somewhat higher wet deposition of PAHs to Wolf Neck than to Nahant. The mean dry deposition rate is 95 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ at Nahant and 9.3 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ at Wolf Neck. The large difference is attributed to the fact that Nahant is close to the urban-industrial metropolitan Boston area and Logan International Airport, whereas Wolf Neck has no major PAH-emitting sources nearby. Individual measurements have an error bracket of ±30%. The Chemical Mass Balance model was used to apportion the dry deposition to source categories. At Nahant, nine samples gave valid statistical attributes with a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 35%, gasoline fueled vehicles 32%, diesel fueled vehicles 17%, wood combustion 13%, others 3%. At Wolf Neck, six samples yielded a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 30%, gasoline vehicles 28%, diesel vehicles 18%, wood combustion 16%, others 8%. There is a considerable variation between the samples. The apportionment is greatly dependent on the quality and selection of the model inputs, i.e. source signatures, which for PAHs are questionable.     

微环境新风量的检测原理及方法研究

新风量是评价室内微环境空气卫生质量的主要卫生指标之一,也是计算室内某种气体单位时间排放量的重要参数。以CO2作为示踪气体,利用于冰升华和人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体两种测量方法对室内和车内微环境进行了检测,并考虑室内人呼出CO2量的影响,运用箱子模式的各种推导公式（稳态法、解析解法和差分法）对新风量进行了计算,并对结果进行了讨论。结果表明,没有人存在下,用箱子模式的解析解法和差分法计算的新风量值没有明显的统计差异;微环境内有人时必须考虑人释放的影响,这样箱子模式的各种推导公式都可以计算新风量值,且结果准确,准确度高。利用人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体法,用差分法计算结果不理想,偏差很大;用稳态法计算重现性高,结果可靠。     

Monitoring and targeting the sanitation poor: A multidimensional approach

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) are at the core of sustainable development. As we embark on a new round of global goals, namely the Sustainable Development Goals, a top priority is to address a coherent framework for monitoring these services. In the coming years, the sector will witness the development of a variety of multidimensional monitoring measures, albeit from different perspectives. This paper reviews the relevant literature and discusses the adequacy and applicability of one approach that is increasingly adopted for multidimensional poverty measurement at the household level, the Alkire‐Foster methodology. Drawing on this method, we identify and combine a set of direct household‐related water and sanitation deprivations that batter a person at the same time. This new multidimensional measure is useful for gaining a better understanding of the context in which WaSH services are delivered. It captures both the incidence and intensity of WaSH poverty, and provides a new tool to support monitoring and reporting. For illustrative purposes, one small town in Mozambique is selected as the initial case study.     

谈高效节能的褐煤应用技术

褐煤,一种煤化程度较低的易燃化石,在全球的煤炭储量中占据40％。在目前全球以化石能源为主体的结构下,褐煤的综合利用越来越受到世界能源专家的重视。本文主要讨论褐煤在发电、深加工等方面的节能利用技术。     

生活垃圾重金属对环卫工人身体健康影响研究

以珠江三角洲5市（广州、深圳、佛山、惠州和肇庆）生活垃圾为研究对象,分析了55个生活垃圾样品的干基组分及典型重金属（As、Cd、Hg、Cr和Pb）的含量,采用主成分因子分析探论重金属的主要影响因素及可能来源,并结合人体健康风险评价模型,用蒙特卡洛模拟定量评价生活垃圾收运、分类及处理各环节环卫工人的健康风险.结果表明,珠江三角洲5市生活垃圾中As、Cd、Hg、Cr和Pb的浓度分别为（4.49±1.18）,（1.95±1.96）,（0.41±0.60）,（147.28±160.48）和（121.59±199.42） mg/kg;生活垃圾中Hg和Pb可能主要来源于金属制品和镀金材料;Cd和Cr可能主要来源于金属制品、镀金材料、快餐垃圾和包装垃圾;As可能主要来源于生活垃圾中的沙土和草木组分.生活垃圾的收运、分类及处理环节,街道清扫保洁工人、分类收运工人和填埋处理工人的非致癌风险基本不用考虑,但致癌风险很高,致癌风险指数最高可达安全阈值的6倍,主要风险暴露途径为手-口摄入（非食物途径）;垃圾焚烧处理工人的非致癌风险和致癌风险均很高,非致癌风险和致癌风险指数最高值分别约为安全阈值的11倍和90倍,主要风险暴露途径为手-口摄入和呼吸吸入;相同暴露环境下,女环卫工人的非致癌风险和致癌风险概率均略高于男环卫工人.因此,生活垃圾收运、分类及处理环节需做好安全防范措施,对重金属人体暴露途径进行阻隔.     

Sustainable innovation in wastewater management: lessons for nutrient recovery and reuse

Urine diversion (UD) has great potential to contribute to sustainably managing wastewater by separating urine at the source and recovering nutrients for reuse in agriculture. While factors enabling the UD technology in Sweden are thought to involve policies supporting nutrient recovery/reuse, on closer inspection, the variable success of UD systems has revealed that critical factors for success also relate to human-centred issues of social organisation, participation and incorporation of social knowledges of a variety of stakeholders into the decision-making process in which new technologies are trialled and adopted. Through the analytical lens of strategic niche management, we consider how early experimentation in UD has involved user participation and whether internal processes of learning, networking and visioning have been consciously considered and to what effect. As niche experiments are enabled/disabled not only by informal institutions such as values and social norms but also formal regulatory institutions, we have concurrently analysed the broader environment in which policies and institutions influence, to varying degrees, the uptake of UD.     

青岛市剩余污泥处置现状分析及资源化利用

介绍了青岛市城市污水处理厂剩余污泥目前的产生情况及处置现状,对比分析了国内外先进的剩余污泥处置方法和技术。提出了适合青岛市剩余污泥资源化利用的途径和方法。剩余污泥既是污染物又是一种资源,污泥的处理、处置与资源化利用相结合才是其最好的出路。     

Experimental field estimation of organic nitrogen formation in tree canopies

The content of organic N has been shown in many studies to increase during the passage of rain water through forest canopies. The source of this organic N is unknown, but generally assumed to come from canopy processing of wet or dry-deposited inorganic N. There have been very few experimental studies in the field to address the canopy formation or loss of organic N. We report two studies: a Scots pine canopy exposed to ammonia gas, and a Sitka spruce canopy exposed to ammonium and nitrate as wet deposition. In both cases, organic N deposition in throughfall was increased, but only represented a small fraction (<10%) of the additional inorganic N supplied, suggesting a limited capacity for net organic N production, similar in both conifer canopies under Scottish summertime conditions, of less than 1.6 mmol N m⁻² mth⁻¹ (equivalent to 3 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹).     

Solid state fermentation of olive mill residues by wood- and dung-dwelling Agaricomycetes: Effects on peroxidase production,biomass development and phenol phytotoxicity

The in vivo conversion of dry olive mill residue (DOR) by wood- and dung-dwelling fungi − Auricularia auricula-judae, Bjerkandera adusta and Coprinellus radians − increases peroxidase secretion up to 3.2–3.5-fold (∼1.3, 3.5 and 7.0 U g⁻¹ DOR for dye-decolorizing peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and aromatic peroxygenases, respectively). The incubation of DOR with these fungi produced a sharp decrease in total phenolic content (100% within 4 wk), a reduction in phytotoxicity as well as a certain degree of plant growth caused by the stimulating effect of fungal-treated DOR. These findings correlate with a characteristic shift in the fragmentation pattern of water-soluble aromatics (detected at 280 nm) from low (0.2, 1.5 and 2.2 kDa, respectively) to high molecular mass (35 to >200 kDa), which demonstrates the presence of a polymerization process. Phenol-rich agricultural residues are a useful tool for enzyme expression and production studies of peroxidase-producing Agaricomycetes which could make DOR a valuable organic fertilizer.     

Levels and source of organochlorine pesticides in surface waters of Qiantang River, China

Qiantang River is a typical river used for drinking water source, flowing through agricultural area in east China. Surface water samples at 45 sampling sites from the river were collected and analyzed for 13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) during six surveys in 2 years of 2005–2006. Sediments, soils, farmland runoff water and dry/wet deposition of this region were also measured for their OCPs residue in order to know possible source of OCPs contamination. The total OCPs concentrations in surface water were 7.68–615.2 ng/l. β-HCH, δ-HCH, Aldrin, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide are the major OCPs in water. The maximum levels of OCPs in water were found in July, while significantly lower OCP concentrations were measured in January. Significant linear correlation was found between the concentration of HCH and that of total 13 OCPs in water. The measured OCP concentrations in sediments, soils, farmland runoff water and dry/wet deposition are discussed in relation to concentrations and patterns found in the surface water. Comparison of OCP levels in sediments and soils led to conclusion that erosion of soil contribute significantly to the contamination of water. The OCPs dry and wet deposition to water body was estimated to 0.49 and 0.86 ton/year, respectively. The ratio of α/γ-HCH and (DDE+DDD)/∑DDT in environmental matrix indicated there probably existed new OCPs input of lindane and dicofol into the river.