酵母双杂交技术构建重组人雌激素受体基因酵母

应用酵母双杂交技术构建重组人雌激素受体基因酵母,用以检测类/抗雌激素化合物和环境样品的类/抗雌激素活性.采用多聚酶链反应(PCR)法扩增人雌激素受体(hER)基因,构建诱饵质粒pGBKT7-ER LBD;分别提取并纯化两种含有ER共激活因子基因的靶质粒pGAD424-GRIP1和pGAD424-SRC1;诱饵质粒和靶质粒同时转染酵母细胞Y187,于营养缺陷型培养基(SD/-Trp/-Leu)上筛选阳性菌落,分别构建两种ER双杂交酵母ER+GRIP1和ER+SRC1.考察双杂交酵母与不同激素:17β-雌二醇(E2)、二氢睾酮(DHT)、孕酮(PG)以及三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)的结合情况,并考察了雌激素受体拮抗剂4-羟基他莫昔芬(4-OHT)与酵母的相互作用.结果表明:ER+GRIP1和ER+SRC1酵母均能够专一性的和E2结合,并存在显著的剂量-效应关系,E2对ER+GRIP1和ER+SRC1酵母β-半乳糖苷酶活性诱导的EC50值分别为7.3×10-11mol·L-1和1.5×10-10mol·L-1,其中ER+GRIP1酵母细胞诱导产生的酶活性值明显高于ER+SRC1酵母细胞.4-OHT能够抑制E2诱导ER+GRIP1酵母细胞产生的酶活性,并存在显著的剂量-效应关系,IC50值为1.0×10-7mol·L-1.表明重组人雌激素受体基因酵母可以用于检测化合物和环境样品的类/抗雌激素活性.     

人工湿地基质中酶活性和细菌生理群的时空动态特征

对复合垂直流人工湿地基质中6种酶酶活性和5种细菌生理类群数量进行了测定.结果表明各种酶酶活性在不同月份存在显著差异(p<0.05):纤维素酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶在6月、9月和12月时都表现出较高的酶活性,并且都显著地高于3月的酶活性;β-葡萄糖苷酶在6月时酶活性显著地高于其它月;而脲酶活性在9月和12月时极显著地高于3月和6月(p<0.01);脱氢酶酶活性在6月和12月时明显高于3月和9月.相比较而言,6种酶酶活性的空间特征较为一致,下行流池酶活性显著高于上行流池活性(p<0.05),并且随着基质层深度的增加,酶活性亦相对递减.细菌生理类群数量在6月和9月达到高峰,并且所反映出来的空间规律与酶活性有一致性.     

曝气生物滤池的生物膜及其微生物种群特征

研究了曝气生物滤池处理模拟生活污水稳态运行时反应器内生物膜的形态特征、生物量和微生物的活性变化特征,分析了生物膜及微生物种群的空间变化规律.结果表明,曝气生物滤池的生物膜形态、颜色和厚度具有沿水流方向渐变的特点,而生物膜密度则在垂直方向上分布不均匀,靠近载体表面部分空隙较大;生物量沿水流方向出现逐步递减的趋势,生物膜活性变化呈现明显的倒“V”型特点;微生物种群组成多样,食物链长且相互交叉,系统营养结构复杂,高端营养级微生物种群所占比例较高,底物利用范围大,沿水流方向可形成不同代谢类型微生物的优势群落.     

一体化A/O生物膜反应器脱氮特性研究

根据传统好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化生物脱氮的工艺原理,设计并制作了一体化 A/O生物膜反应器,并就其对模拟生活污水的脱碳、脱氮处理效果进行了试验。结果表明,该一体化反应器在水力停留时间 HRT=24h时,COD的去除率达到 97%以上,硝化率和 TN的去除率分别达到92%和82%。出水NO3-N和NO2-N浓度保持在7.4mg/L和0.2mg/L左右。对各区污泥进行的硝化活性试验结果表明,该一体化反应器的缺氧区内存活有一定数量的具有硝化活性的细菌。     

Development of statistical models for predicting muscle and mental activities during repetitive precision tasks

This study was conducted to develop muscle and mental activities on repetitive precision tasks. A laboratory experiment was used to address the objectives. Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activities from eight upper limb muscles, while electroencephalography recorded mental activities from six channels. Fourteen university students participated in the study. The results show that muscle and mental activities increase for all tasks, indicating the occurrence of muscle and mental fatigue. A linear relationship between muscle activity, mental activity and time was found while subjects were performing the task. Thus, models were developed using those variables. The models were found valid after validation using other students’ and workers’ data. Findings from this study can contribute as a reference for future studies investigating muscle and mental activity and can be applied in industry as guidelines to manage muscle and mental fatigue, especially to manage job schedules and rotation.     

What is the acceptable margin of error for the oxygen uptake method in evaluating the reactivity of organic waste?

The acceptable margin of error for the organic waste reactivity measured by the oxygen uptake method was assessed. Oxygen uptake was determined by the Dynamic Respiration Index (DRI) (mgO₂/kgVS h). The composed uncertainty (uC) of the experimental set up used for the DRI test was evaluated and the uncertainty (u) of all the components of the apparatus was evaluated. A procedure for calculating the uC of the apparatus is proposed. The components affecting the uC of the DRI to a more significant extent were the one of the oxygen mass rate and the u of the amount of VS in the sample analyzed. For a confidence level of 99.73%, the extended uC (UC) interval for a DRI = 1024 mgO₂/kgVS h was ±440 mgO₂/kgVS h, whereas for a DRI = 3489 mgO₂/kgVS h, the UC interval was ±1288 mgO₂/kgVS h. When oxygen consumption and VS content become lower than 600 mgO₂/h and 0.9 kg, respectively, the UC interval is similar to the measured DRI.     

生物炭配施磷肥对土壤养分、酶活性及紫花苜蓿养分吸收的影响

生物炭作为一种既能单独施用,又能与化肥共同施用的土壤改良剂,在农业生产实践中被广泛施用.然而,关于不同粒径生物炭与磷肥联合施用对土壤和植物的影响研究较少.采用盆栽试验,研究在两个磷水平下,不同粒径生物炭对土壤养分、酶活性以及紫花苜蓿养分吸收的影响[生物炭根据直径分为：C1(>1 mm)和C2(<0.01 mm)这两种处理].结果表明,生物炭和磷联合施用显著提高了土壤养分、酶活性和苜蓿养分吸收;其中,C2处理显著提高了土壤有效磷含量(P<0.05)和磷酸酶活性(P<0.01),而C1处理对铵态氮、硝态氮、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性有显著影响(P<0.05).并且,不同粒径生物炭处理间的养分及酶的差异受到土壤磷水平的影响,P0水平下,C1和C2处理的铵态氮和硝态氮含量并没有显著差异;而在P1水平下,C1处理的铵态氮和硝态氮含量比C2处理高24.19%和18.68%(P<0.05),但C1和C2处理的有效磷之间并无显著差异;磷添加显著提高了苜蓿地上和地下部的N和P含量(P<0.05),但是不同粒径生物炭之间苜蓿养分含量并没有显著影响.综上所述,生物炭与磷肥...     

连作对党参根际土壤理化性质、微生物活性及群落特征的影响

为探究连作对党参根际土壤理化性质、土壤微生物活性和群落特征的影响.以休耕5 a再种植党参的地块(CK)和不同连作年限的党参种植田为研究对象,采用Illumina高通量测序技术结合土壤理化性质分析,探讨了党参根际土壤理化性质、微生物活性和微生物群落特征对连作年限的响应.结果表明,党参根际土壤有机碳、全磷、全氮和盐分的含量随着连作年限的延长而增加,而土壤pH值则随着连作年限的延长而降低.较CK处理,连作1 a、 2 a、 3 a和4 a的党参根际土壤有机碳含量分别增加了11.1%、 80.5%、 74.9%和78.2%,全磷含量分别增加了11.8%、 52.9%、 66.7%和78.4%,全氮含量分别增加了31.3%、 68.8%、 52.1%和56.3%.连作3 a和4 a时土壤盐分含量显著增加,较CK处理,土壤电导率分别增加了54.2%和84.7%.根际土壤中微生物生物量碳氮比随着连作年限的延长而呈现增加的趋势,土壤呼吸熵和微生物熵则呈现降低的趋势.随着连作年限的增加,土壤中细菌多样性和丰度降低,真菌多样性和丰度增加.此外,随着连作年限的增加,土壤中细菌群落之间的拮抗作用增强,而真菌群...     

近60 年ENSO 事件对鄂尔多斯北部地区气候的影响

通过对鄂尔多斯北部的乌拉特中旗、呼和浩特和包头三个城市近60 年来的降水资料和 气温资料的整理和搜集,研究了ENSO 事件对鄂尔多斯北部地区的气候与灾害的影响。分析数据 得出,自1952 年来,鄂尔多斯北部地区的气候呈变暖变干趋势。1952 年以来鄂尔多斯北部地区 年平均气温增长率为0.48℃ ·10a?1,高于全国的平均气温增长率（0.22℃ ·10a?1）;年降水量则处 于略下降趋势,下降率约为5.5 mm·10a?1,低于全国的平均降水下降率（12.69 mm·10a?1）。厄尔 尼诺年年平均气温高出正常年份0.2℃,而拉尼娜年的平均气温比正常年低0.14℃。厄尔尼诺年 的平均降水量比正常年减少29.2 mm,拉尼娜年的平均降水比正常年减少23.9 mm。厄尔尼诺事 件对鄂尔多斯北部地区的灾害影响比拉尼娜事件更为显著和强烈,厄尔尼诺年鄂尔多斯北部地区 更易发生高温干旱灾害。小波分析指示,鄂尔多斯北部降水周期变化在30 a 尺度内存在2 a、4 a、 8 a 和14 a 的变化周期。     

Assessment of heavy metal enrichment and its human impact in lacustrine sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, Taibai Lake, Longgan Lake, Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, were chosen to evaluate their enrichment state and history. The state of heavy metal enrichment was at a low level in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake. The enrichment state of Co, Cr and Ni was also low in the sediment of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, while Cu, Pb and Zn enrichment reached a higher level. Mass accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to heavy metals in the sediment. The anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were lower in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake compared with the other two lakes, where heavy metals, especially Cu, Pb and Zn, were mainly from anthropogenic sources. Heavy metal accumulation did not vary greatly in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake, while that in Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake increased since the 1950s and substantially increased since the 1980s, although a decrease occurred since 2000 AD in Xijiu Lake. Heavy metal enrichment was strongly related to human activities in the catchment. The development of urbanization and industrialization was much more rapid in the catchments of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake than of the other two lakes, and thus large amounts of anthropogenically sourced heavy metals were discharged into the lakes, which resulted in a higher contamination risk. However, human activities in the Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake catchments mainly involved agriculture, which contributed a relatively small portion of heavy metals to the lakes.