Chlorpyrifos degradation in a biomixture of biobed at different maturity stages

The biomixture is a principal element controlling the degradation efficacy of the biobed. The maturity of the biomixture used in the biobed affects its overall performance of the biobed, but this is not well studied yet. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of using a typical composition of Swedish biomixture at different maturity stages on the degradation of chlorpyrifos. Tests were made using biomixture at three maturity stages: 0 d (BC0), 15 d (BC15) and 30 d (BC30); chlorpyrifos was added to the biobeds at final concentration of 200, 320 and 480 mg kg⁻¹. Chlorpyrifos degradation in the biomixture was monitored over time. Formation of TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyrinidol) was also quantified, and hydrolytic and phenoloxidase activities measured. The biomixture efficiently degraded chlorpyrifos (degradation efficiency >50%) in all the evaluated maturity stages. However, chlorpyrifos degradation decreased with increasing concentrations of the pesticide. TCP formation occurred in all biomixtures, but a major accumulation was observed in BC30. Significant differences were found in both phenoloxidase and hydrolytic activities in the three maturity stages of biomixture evaluated. Also, these two biological activities were affected by the increase in pesticide concentration. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that chlorpyrifos can be degraded efficiently in all the evaluated maturity stages.     

曝气量和曝气时长对好氧颗粒污泥活性恢复的影响

采用啤酒废水,在SBR中对在4℃的冰箱中储存8周的好氧颗粒污泥进行活性恢复。设置曝气时长分别为150 min和270 min,曝气量分别为0.1 m3/h和0.2 m3/h,考察了曝气时长和曝气量对好氧颗粒污泥活性恢复的影响。实验结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥在4℃冰箱中储存8周后,其颜色、粒径无明显变化;设置较长曝气时间(270 min)、较大曝气量(0.2 m3/h)时,颗粒污泥平均沉降速率、MLSS和SVI恢复最快,且对COD处理效果也恢复较快。而短曝气时间(150 min)、小曝气量(0.1 m3/h)有利于好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮去除效果的恢复。     

超声辐射浸渍法制备Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化剂及性能研究

以Al2O3为载体,分别采用超声辐射浸渍法和普通浸渍方法制备Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化剂。采用BET、XRD和SEM对催化剂的理化性质和孔结构进行了分析,以模拟酸性绿B废水为研究对象考察催化剂的催化性能。实验结果表明,浸渍溶液pH值和焙烧温度显著影响催化剂的性能。与普通浸渍法相比,超声浸渍法制备的Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化剂对酸性绿B脱色反应表现出较高的催化活性。     

DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE HERBICIDES BENSULFURON AND CINOSULFURON ON SOIL MICROORGANISMS

Bensulfuron toxicity on soil microbes was evaluated by the methods used in a previous study on cinosulfuron; the effects of the two sulfonylureas were compared. Cinosulfuron and bensulfuron, at the normal field application rate and 100 times higher, had no effect on the total number of bacteria and nitrifiers, or on the respiration activity in the soil, but they did decrease the nitrification activity. In vitro toxicity tests carried out on representative soil microbial strains using bensulfuron at 50 mg l^?1 showed some inhibition of three of the 17 bacterial strains and strong inhibition of almost all the 12 fungal strains; cinosulfuron had had no effect on any of these strains in the previous study. It is concluded that, compared with cinosulfuron, bensulfuron is potentially more toxic on soil heterotrophic microorganisms, but only at very high concentrations that are nearly impossible to reach with the usual agricultural use of the herbicides. However, autotrophic nitrifiers were more sensitive to both sulfonylureas than the other microorganisms.     

Kresoxim methyl dissipation kinetics and its residue effect on soil extra-cellular and intra-cellular enzymatic activity in four different soils of India

The rate of degradation of kresoxim methyl and its effect on soil extra-cellular (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase) and intra-cellular (dehydrogenase) enzymes were explored in four different soils of India. In all the tested soils, the degradation rate was faster at the beginning, which slowed down with time indicating a non-linear pattern of degradation. Rate of degradation in black soil was fastest followed by saline, brown and red soils, respectively and followed 1st or 1st + 1st order kinetics with half-life ranging between 1–6 days for natural soil and 1–19 days for sterile soils. The rate of degradation in natural against sterilized soils suggests that microbial degradation might be the major pathway of residue dissipation. Although small changes in enzyme activities were observed, kresoxim methyl did not have any significant deleterious effect on the enzymatic activity of the various test soils in long run. Simple correlation studies between degradation percentage and individual enzyme activities did not establish any significant relationships. The pattern and change of enzyme activity was primarily due to the effect of the incubation period rather than the effect of kresoxim methyl itself.     

Effect of Pencycuron on Microbial Parameters of Waterlogged Soil

A laboratory study was conducted to monitor the effect of pencycuron [1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopentyl-3-phenylurea] on microbial parameters of alluvial (AL) soil (Typic udifluvent) and coastal saline (CS) soil (Typic endoaquept) under waterlogged condition. Pencycuron at field rate (FR), 2FR and 10FR affected the microbial biomass C (MBC), soil ergosterol content and fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity (FDHA) differentially. The DCM amendment did not seem to have any counteractive effect on the toxicity of pencycuron on the microbial variables. The change in microbial metabolic quotient (qCO₂) and microbial respiration quotient (Q_R), indicated pencycuron induced disturbance at 10FR. Present study revealed that the metabolically activated microbial population was more suppressed compared to the dormant population.     

Synthesis and pesticidal activity of new N-alkyl-N-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl]amines

A series of novel N-alkyl-N-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl]amines were synthesized as potential new agents to control pests. Their structures were confirmed on the basis of IR, NMR and elemental analyses. Six new N-alkyl-N-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl]amines were prepared by reduction of corresponding Schiff bases using sodium borohydride in 80–87 % yields. These compounds were tested for their antifungal activity against two pathogenic fungi viz., Rhizoctonia bataticola ITCC 0482 and Sclerotium rolfsii ITCC 5226 and for insecticidal activity against insects of stored grain pest Callosobruchus analis. Fungicidal bioassay revealed that compound N-Decyl-N-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amine, was highly effective against R. bataticola (ED₅₀ 6.86 mg L^?1) which was comparable with that of commercial fungicide hexaconazole (ED₅₀ 6.35 mg L^?1). Also compounds N-Heptyl-N-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amine, N-Octyl-N-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amine and N-Nonyl-N-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amine displayed promising fungitoxicity against same pathogen. However, compound N-Heptyl-N-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amine was also found to be effective against S. rolfsii (ED₅₀ 4.92 mg L^?1 as against 1.27 mg L^?1 for hexaconazole). Compound N-Hexyl-N-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amine was most effective as insecticide followed by compound N-Octyl-N-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amine. LC₅₀ values for these compounds were 155.0 and 275.0 mg L^?1 respectively as against 36.70 mg L^?1 for commercial insecticide dichlorovos. The results obtained from bioassays indicate that this class of compounds can be utilized for the design of new substances endowed with pesticidal activities.     

微波活化煤矸石反应活性及胶凝性能

研究了微波辐照对煤矸石反应活性及胶凝性能影响,通过XRD、IR等表征手段,分析了微波辐照煤矸石和煤矸石水泥的微观结构,结果表明,煤矸石经微波辐照可脱去煤矸石中的自由水和其矿物的结构水,并破坏了煤矸石矿物中牢固的Si—O和Al—O键结构,提高了SiO2、Al2O3的可溶性,提高煤矸石的反应活性和胶凝性能.煤矸石微波辐照的时间在8 min较为适宜,以30％煤矸石替代水泥时,经8 min微波辐照煤矸石的水泥净浆体28 d抗压强度为47.6 MPa,比原煤矸石的水泥净浆体高23.2 MPa.     

吸附剂浓度对Zn(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在高岭土上吸附的影响

研究了吸附剂浓度(Cs)对Zn(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在高岭土上吸附的影响。结果表明,随Cs增大,吸附等温线下降,呈现出明显的吸附剂浓度效应(Cs-effect)。采用经典Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温式对吸附数据进行拟合表明,在给定Cs下,Zn(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附等温线分别符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温式;但这2个等温式不能描述或预测Cseffect,模型参数与Cs有关,与模型理论预测相悖。为解释和描述固/液界面吸附中的Cs-effect,我们近期提出了表面组分活度(SCA)模型,并推导出了Langmuir-SCA和Freundlich-SCA等温式。采用SCA模型等温式对吸附数据进行拟合表明,Langmuir-SCA和Freundlich-SCA等温式可分别准确地描述Zn(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在高岭土上吸附的Cs-effect结果,证明SCA模型是合理的。     

TiO_2/PTh/Fe_3O_4催化剂制备及光催化与磁回收性能

以聚噻吩磁性微珠PTh/Fe3O4(PF)为载体,采用低温水热法(170℃,pH=7±0.2)在其表面负载TiO2,制备了壳/壳/核结构的磁载光催化剂TiO2/PTh/Fe3O4(TPTF)。用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外分光光度计(FT-IR)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)对催化剂的形貌、物相组成、表面性质、磁学性质进行了表征。以苯酚为模拟污染物,评价其光催化活性;通过自制的磁回收装置,考察其磁回收特性。结果表明,TiO2晶粒大小在4~6 nm之间,具有混晶结构(锐钛矿型占93.6%,金红石型占6.4%);当nTiO2∶n噻吩单体∶nFe3O4=75∶2.5∶1时,TPTF的催化活性最佳;P25、纯TiO2、TPTF(nTiO2∶n噻吩单体:nFe3O4=75∶2.5∶1)和TiO2/Fe3O4(TF)光催化降解苯酚的速率常数分别是0.0371、0.0302、0.0253和0.0106 min-1;TPTF循环使用5次,其反应速率常数、饱和磁化强度以及磁回收率为0.0205 min-1、1.59emu/g和89.3%,比第1次的0.0253 min-1、1.85 emu/g和94.7%略有降低。