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61.
In Europe targets have been laid down by EU legislation for the recycling rate of end-of-life vehicles to be achieved within the nearby future. It is illustrated in this paper that the definition of the recycling rate and the realisation of the imposed targets are very much dependent on different parameters such as the changing lifetime of the product and product design. It may seem obvious that the recycling rate is determined by various time-varying factors, however, this paper endeavours to describe and quantify the role of these factors on the recycling rate over time by the use of a dynamic systems model. This model permits the prediction of the recycling rate as a function of the numerous presented parameters, changing design scenarios etc. In addition, different definitions of the recycling rate will be presented and discussed. This will lead to a better understanding of the parameters affecting the recycling system and a more precise understanding of the recycling targets and their realisation as imposed by EU legislation. This paper focuses on cars, but the discussion and the definitions derived are equally valid for any end-of-life product. 相似文献
62.
T. A. Persson 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(5):399-408
It is argued that there are at least five reasons for the Northeast states of the United States to implement a regional emission
trading scheme for carbon dioxide despite the lack of federal policy regulations: goodwill, learning, political influence,
risk management and competitiveness interests. Using an energy-economy model, the carbon price to bring the firms into compliance
with a 10% reduction by 2020 is estimated to be 20-150 US$ per ton C. There have been discussions about linking the ongoing
EU Emission Trading Schemes to the Northeast state initiative. The prime argument is that such a linkage would encourage a
change of the federal US policy, which has traditionally followed action taken at the state level. Emissions trading with
binding mitigation commitments could thus be demanded and accepted also on federal level. This paper demonstrates that the
impact of linkage on permit prices depends on the reduction target in the European scheme: A low EU target results in a net
flow of permits to the Northeast scheme, while a 40% EU reduction target results in a net flow of permits from the Northeast.
Flow of permits from the Northeast state must be compensated for by the EU because the United States is not a party of the
Kyoto Protocol. The EU must therefore buy permits in allowances recognized in the Kyoto regime in an amount equal to the net
flow of permits from the Northeast states.
相似文献
T. A. PerssonEmail: |
63.
欧盟REACH法规研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
苏彪 《安全.健康和环境》2012,12(5):39-40
解读欧盟REACH法规,分析了欧盟REACH法规对国内产业,尤其是对中国石化的影响,为中国石化具体实践上述法规奠定了工作基础. 相似文献
64.
Bernd Klauer Johannes Schiller Frauke Bathe 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(11):1944-1960
The EU Water Framework Directive calls for cost effective measures to achieve a “good status” in all European ground, surface and coastal waters. Besides eutrophication, the degradation of hydromorphology is the main reason for failing this objective. In this paper, we conceptualise the interactive decision support process BASINFORM-M for finding proper locations for river restoration. The concept combines the recently proposed “stepping stone approach” from aquatic ecology with elements from cost effectiveness analysis, multi-criteria analysis and participatory approaches. BASINFORM-M exemplifies a shift away from the isolated restoration of single river reaches towards a consideration of functional relationships within river networks. 相似文献
65.
Helge Torgersen Gerhard Soja Ines Janssen Helmut Gaugitsch 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1998,5(2):89-93
The risk assessment of genetically-modified plants pursuant to Annex II B of EU Directive 94/15/EC assumes that it is possible
to infer the environmental impacts of a crop plant from its characteristics, so most of Annex II should also be applicable
to conventional plants. To test this, we surveyed reports on the ecological impacts of the cultivation of non-transgenic crop
plants with novel or improved traits and, in three cases, investigated whether Annex II B would have been adequate to indicate
the effects. Such an assessment appears to be feasible only if the time frame on which it is based is short, so that long-term
effects cannot be assessed. Secondly, the plant must be genetically homogenous which is not always granted, e.g. with forest-trees.
Thirdly, the cultivation area must be defined. Differences in the behaviour of foreign plants between their original and cultivation
habitats may be ecologically relevant and should be assessed. In the (few) cases where direct inference of the observed effects
was possible from inherent traits, these effects often correlated with poor adaptation to local environmental conditions.
The ecological impacts of traits that had been introduced in order to overcome poor adaptation may differ widely according
to the way in which the traits are exploited. In practice, the effects of agricultural measures are more important than the
effects of gene transfer and invasiveness, although the latter currently play a major role in risk assessment. In the light
of these deliberations, a modification of Annex II B of EU Directive 94/15/EC is suggested. 相似文献
66.
This paper offers an analysis of the implementation performance of the EU Ambient Air Quality directive in the Netherlands. It provides a systematic evaluation of the implementation of a procedural provision – the obligation to design air quality policy. It draws on original data on air quality policy measures that have been collected in 13 medium-sized Dutch municipalities. The analysis of differences in the implementation performance was performed using a novel three-dimensional conceptual framework. The findings illustrate great differences in the implementation performance between the municipalities. The focused comparison allowed establishing very precisely where the implementation performance is poor or even lacking, and which municipalities take their EU implementation task more seriously than others. Most puzzling, environmental problem pressure turned out not to act as a sufficient trigger for municipalities to take far-reaching air quality measures. In contrast to previous research, a more nuanced picture is painted when it comes to the concepts of ‘compliance’, ‘non-compliance’ and ‘over-compliance’. A careful dissection of the implementation performance based on the aspects of the conceptual framework produces hands-on recommendations to municipalities seeking to improve their air quality policy. 相似文献
67.
Carranza ML Acosta AT Stanisci A Pirone G Ciaschetti G 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,140(1-3):99-107
Many recent developments in coastal science have gone against the demands of European Union legislation. Coastal dune systems
which cover small areas of the earth can host a high level of biodiversity. However, human pressure on coastal zones around
the world has increased dramatically in the last 50 years. In addition to direct habitat loss, the rapid extinction of many
species that are unique to these systems can be attributed to landscape deterioration through the lack of appropriate management.
In this paper, we propose to use of an ecosystem classification technique that integrates potential natural vegetation distribution
as a reference framework for coastal dune EU Habitats (92/43) distribution analysis and assessment. As an example, the present
study analyses the EU Habitats distribution within a hierarchical ecosystem classification of the coastal dune systems of
central Italy. In total, 24 land elements belonging to 8 land units, 5 land facets, 2 land systems and 2 land regions were
identified for the coastal dunes of central Italy, based on diagnostic land attributes. In central Italy, coastal dune environments
including all the beach area, mobile dunes and all the fixed-dune land elements contain or could potentially hold at least
one EU habitat of interest. Almost all dune slack transitions present the potentiality for the spontaneous development of
EU woodlands of interest. The precise information concerning these ecosystems distribution and ecological relationships that
this method produces, makes it very effective in Natura 2000 European network assessment. This hierarchical ecosystem classification
method facilitates the identification of areas to be surveyed and eventually bound, under the implementation of EU Habitat
directive (92/43) including areas with highly disturbed coastal dune ecosystems. 相似文献
68.
The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to protect the ecological status of coastal waters. To establish acceptable boundaries between good and moderate ecological status, the WFD calls for reference conditions practically undisturbed by human impact. For Denmark, the nitrogen (N) concentrations present around year 1900 have been suggested to represent reference conditions. As the N load of coastal waters relates closely to runoff from land, any reduction in load links to agricultural activity. We challenge the current use of historical N balances to establish WFD reference conditions and initiate an alternative approach based on parish-level land-use statistics collected 1896/1900 and N concentrations in root zone percolates from experiments with year 1900-relevant management. This approach may be more widely applicable for landscapes with detailed historic information on agricultural activity. Using this approach, we find an average N concentration in root zone percolates that is close to that of current agriculture. Thus, considering Danish coastal waters to be practically unaffected by human activity around year 1900 remains futile as 75% of the land area was subject to agricultural activity with a substantial potential for N loss to the environment. It appears unlikely that the ecological state of coastal waters around year 1900 may serve as WFD reference condition. 相似文献
69.
70.
Ozone and urban forests in Italy 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Paoletti E 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(5):1506-1512
Ozone levels along urban-to-rural gradients in three Italian cities (Milan, Florence, Bari) showed that average AOT40 values at rural and suburban sites were 2.6 times higher than those determined at urban sites. However, O3 also exceeded the European criteria to protect forest health at urban sites, even when the standards for human health protection were met. For protecting street trees in Mediterranean cities, the objectives of measurement at urban sites should extend from the protection of human health to the protection of vegetation as well. A review of forest effects on O3 pollution and of O3 pollution on forest conditions in Italian cities showed that it was not possible to distinguish the effect of O3 in the complex mixture of urban pollutants and stressors. A preliminary list of tree species for urban planning in the Mediterranean area shows the average tree capacity of O3 removal and VOC emission. 相似文献