反相乳液聚合制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其絮凝性能评价

研究了单体浓度、单体配比、反应温度、引发剂用量等因素对所制备的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺特性粘度、转化率、阳离子度的影响,并对产品的污水絮凝性能进行了评价。较佳的制备条件为:单体浓度为45%,单体配比为7∶3,引发剂用量m(引发剂)/m(单体)为0.5%,引发温度为45℃。用红外光谱对共聚物进行了结构表征,结果表明聚合物中有六元氮杂环的存在,达到预定要求。对共聚物进行了油田污水絮凝性能评价,研究表明单独使用自制阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)时浊度的去除率为86.22%,COD去除率为87.95%,与聚合氯化铝复配使用时浊度去除率提高到92.91%,COD去除率提高到92.68%。     

交联壳聚糖季铵盐吸附剂的制备及其对重金属离子的吸附

以壳聚糖为原料、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）为接枝单体、甲醛为预交联剂、环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,通过反相乳液聚合制备出交联壳聚糖季铵盐吸附剂,并将其用于吸附Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）。考察了吸附时间、溶液初始浓度、溶液pH等因素对吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明：该吸附剂对Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附过程遵循拟二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程;在30 ℃条件下,Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）的溶液初始浓度均为1 mmol/L时,该吸附剂吸附Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）的最佳溶液pH分别为7和6,对应的平衡吸附量分别为1.18,1.99 mmol/g;该吸附剂可用盐酸再生,重复使用性能良好。     

聚丙烯超滤膜的低温等离子体改性方法比较

为了研究低温等离子体对中空纤维膜的改性效果,对聚丙烯(PP)中空纤维膜进行了4种等离子体改性处理,以接枝率、力学性能、膜面官能团变化以及膜面形态为评价指标,比较了不同改性方法的改性效果。FT-IR特征分析发现,以同时照射法改性后的膜面官能团变化最大,且接枝率高,力学性能好。元素能谱分析表明,处理后的膜表面的N、O含量均有不同程度的变化,且与接枝率成正相关。SEM照片及力学性能反映出:改性后膜面存在损失,柔韧性变差。综合各指标的比较发现,同时照射法是一种最佳的改性方法。因此,特别考察了同时照射改性膜的清水通量的变化,结果表明,该方法能够大幅度提高膜的清水通量。     

Speciation of methylmercury in rice grown from a mercury mining area

Monomethylmercury (CH₃Hg⁺ and its complexes; MeHg hereafter) is a known developmental neurotoxin. Recent studies have shown that rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain grown from mercury (Hg) mining areas may contain elevated MeHg concentrations, raising concerns over the health of local residents who consume rice on a daily basis. An analytical method employing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following enzymatic hydrolysis was developed to analyze the speciation of MeHg in uncooked and cooked white rice grain grown from the vicinity of a Hg mine in China. The results revealed that the MeHg in the uncooked rice is present almost exclusively as CH₃Hg-l-cysteinate (CH₃HgCys), a complex that is thought to be responsible for the transfer of MeHg across the blood-brain and placental barriers. Although cooking does not change the total Hg or total MeHg concentration in rice, no CH₃HgCys is measurable after cooking, suggesting that most, if not all, of the CH₃HgCys is converted to other forms of MeHg, the identity and toxicity of which remain elusive.     

PDA的制备及其对水体中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的去除性能

以二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,Span-80和Tween-80为乳化剂,液体石蜡为分散相,采用分批加料法,反相乳液聚合制备二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺的共聚物(PDA)。研究内容包括单体配比、引发剂配比、油水体积比和pH值对产物特性粘度的影响。研究获得的优化聚合条件为:单体质量比(DMDAAC∶AM)为2∶8,引发剂质量比(NaHSO3∶K2S2O8)为5∶3,油水体积比为1∶1.2,pH值为8。选用自制PDA用于去除水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)时,在絮凝剂PDA的投加量为0.60 mg/L,pH值为10时,DMP的去除效果最好,去除率达到98.31%。     

活性炭纤维电极法处理印染废水的应用研究

采用新型催化电极处理了１８种水溶性及水不溶性染料液，并应用于数种实际扎染残液的处理，脱色率可达到９５％￣１００％，ＣＤＣｃｒ去除率达到４０％￣７０％。初步探讨了该电化学处理系统的反应机理，推论整个处理为吸附，自由基聚合和絮凝反应相结合的过程。     

聚合铝形态分布特征及转化规律

采用多种实验方法,对Al(Ⅲ)的水解—聚合—沉淀反应特征及其转化规律、形态分布及规范分子量大小进行了研究,同时应用X-射线衍射光谱仪和红外光谱仪对聚合铝形态进行了表征。由研究结果似可推断,Al(Ⅲ)水解—聚合过程的形态转化过程为线型→环型→体型。其聚合形态分布取决于翔/铝比值或pH值以及其它因素。在一定羟/铝比值时,聚合铝溶液中可划分为三种类型的形态分布。提出了相应的形态转化模式来表达聚合铝的形态及转化规律。     

Synthesis and identification of graft copolymers of wood pulp and styrene

Based on the graft copolymerization reactions of lignin and vinyl monomers, a series of graft copolymers of wood pulp and styrene (1-phenylethene) has been synthesized. The wood pulps used in this research are unbleached products produced by chemical, thermal, and mechanical pulping. All of them contain a high content of lignin (25–29 wt%). The grafting reaction is a free radical polymerization coinitiated by calcium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and wood pulp in dimethylsulfoxide at 30°C. The effect of reaction temperature, reaction time, and the amount of the reactants on the conversion of monomer, yield of product, weight increase of pulp, and grafting efficiency of monomer has been studied. The grafted wood pulp was separated from homopolystyrene formed during the reaction by extraction of the reaction product with benzene in a Soxhlet apparatus for at least 48 h. The results show that after the reaction, the weight of all wood pulps was significantly increased and the weight increase of very high yield sodium bisulfite pulp (VHYS) was 333%. This proves that a part of the polymerized styrene was chemically bound to the wood pulp. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the extracted products show absorbance peaks characteristic of both wood and polystyrene and, thus, provide strong proof of grafting. Grafting has completely changed the surface properties of the starting wood pulp from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, and under ordinary thermal compression conditions, thermoplastic composite objects of good uniformity can be made directly from reaction products which contain up to 52 wt% wood pulp.     

基于VSP2的引发剂质量分数对醋酸乙烯聚合反应失控特性及安全泄放设计影响研究

为了解决醋酸乙烯聚合反应失控所引起的超压问题,通过VSP2绝热量热仪研究了醋酸乙烯聚合反应的失控特性,并通过Leung's法对某醋酸乙烯聚合反应器的安全泄放面积进行了计算;然后,在其他条件不变的情况下,研究引发剂质量分数对失控特性和泄放面积的影响,结果表明,引发剂质量分数对反应总放热量的影响不大,体系绝热温升为105~115℃;但引发剂质量分数越大,失控反应的最大温升速率和最大压升速率越大。这是因为引发剂质量分数越大,在相同泄放压力和最大累积压力下,单位质量反应物的放热速率就越大,也就需要更大的泄放面积;最后,引入无量纲数W~*、G~*和A~*,拟合出它们与引发剂质量分数X*的关系式,结果表明,在研究范围内所需安全泄放面积随引发剂质量分数线性增大。     

基于本质安全的微反应器中苯乙烯聚合的数值模拟

重大化工事故往往是由多米诺效应引发的一连串故障而导致的。为实现苯乙烯聚合反应的本质安全,采用本质安全设计原则,设计了T型微反应器以替换传统釜式反应器。先通过计算流体力学(CFD)方法建立了三维稳态模型,再通过UDF(User Defined Functions)添加组分输运方程源项和能量方程源项,对苯乙烯自由基聚合反应进行了数值模拟,研究在微尺度条件下,反应温度、混合反应管道长度及形状对反应结果的影响。结果表明:由于微反应器可提高传热传质效率,在一定范围内反应温度可以控制在3 K以内;反应管道由0.15 m增长至1.5 m后,转化率可提高2倍左右;0.15 m直管形状改进为螺旋状后,转化率可至少提升4%。