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81.
Environmental and lifestyle factors for organochlorine exposure among women living in Southern Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cerrillo I Olea-Serrano MF Ibarluzea J Exposito J Torne P Laguna J Pedraza V Olea N 《Chemosphere》2006,62(11):1917-1924
Southern Spain has the largest area of intensive greenhouse agriculture in Europe, and may constitute a special case of occupational and female exposure, because this type of farming requires considerable pesticide use and employs many women. We measured adipose tissue levels of 14 organochlorine pesticides in 458 women living in this area and analyzed the relationship between pesticide level/presence and sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive history or life-style factors that may influence this exposure. Pesticide presence was determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detector. All fat samples were positive for 1 residue. DDT or metabolites were found in 98.25%, with mean value of 660 ng g−1 of lipid. p,p′-DDE level was higher in women who were older, with lower educational level or obese. Almost 70% had measurable levels of endosulfan and/or metabolites, with a mean total value of 38.8 ng g−1 of lipid. Endosulfan-I exposure was higher in women with shorter residence in rural settings and more frequent in women with 3 children. 52.62% were exposed to 1 of aldrin–dieldrin–endrin group. Endrin was more frequent in women who were younger, with higher educational level or no agricultural working experience; dieldrin was more frequent in women who were older, with lower educational level or more children. Finally, lindane residues were found in 39.30%. Lindane levels were higher in women who breastfed longer or had more children. Research is required on women occupationally exposed to a selected group of organochlorine pesticides, especially those of reproductive age, as a basis for preventive action. 相似文献
82.
Kun Lv Lu Bai Boyu Song Xindong M Minmin Hou Jie Fu Yali Shi Yawei Wang Guibin Jiang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2022,34(5):277-285
The production and application of organophosphate esters (OPEs) have dramatically increased in recent years due to their use as a replacement for brominated flame retardants. In this study, 13 OPEs (Σ13OPEs) were analyzed in indoor air samples from kitchens and living rooms in 14 residential homes in Beijing, China. The concentrations of Σ13OPEs in kitchen air samples (mean: 13 ng/m3) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in living room air samples (5.0 ng/m3). In addition, paired window surface organic film samples were collected and analyzed to investigate film-air partitioning, exhibiting a mean concentration of Σ13OPEs of 4100 ng/m2. The congener profiles showed that tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the predominant compound in both window film samples (48%) and the corresponding indoor air sample (56%). The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of OPEs via indoor air inhalation were 2.8 and 1.4 ng/kg/day for infants and adults, respectively, both of which are below the reference dose values (RfDs). Overall, these findings indicate that OPEs in the indoor air environment of residential homes in Beijing are not likely to pose a health risk to the general population. 相似文献
83.
Colin D. Brown Wendy van Beinum 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(12):3314-3324
Transport of pesticides from point of application via sub-surface drains can contribute significantly to contamination of surface waters. Results of 23 field drainage experiments undertaken at sites across Europe were collated and analysed by residual maximum likelihood. Both maximum concentration of pesticide in drainflow (n = 167) and seasonal loss of pesticide to drains (n = 97) were significantly related to strength of pesticide sorption to soil, half-life of the pesticide in soil, the interval between application and first drainflow and the clay content of the soil. The statistical models accounted for 71% of the variability in both maximum concentration and seasonal load. Next, the dataset was used to evaluate the current methodology for assessment of aquatic exposure used in pesticide registration in Europe. Simulations for seven compounds with contrasting properties showed a good correspondence with field measurements. Finally, the review examines management approaches to reduce pesticide transport via sub-surface drains. Despite a large amount of work in this area, there are few dependable mitigation options other than to change application rate or timing or to restrict use of a compound in the most vulnerable situations. 相似文献
84.
Mycotoxins are harmful substances produced by fungi in several commodities with a widespread presence in foodstuffs. Human exposure to mycotoxins occurs mainly by contaminated food. The quantitation of mycotoxins in cereal-based food, highly consumed by different age population, is of concern. In this survey, 159 cereal-based samples classified as wheat, maize and rice-based, have been evaluated for the occurrence of patulin, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, neosolaniol, HT-2, T-2 and zearalenone by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Intakes were calculated for average consumers among adults, children and infants and compared with the tolerable daily intakes (TDI). Data obtained were used to estimate the potential exposure levels. 65.4% of the samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin and 15.7% of the analyzed samples showed co-occurrence of mycotoxin. The dietary exposure to HT-2 and T-2 toxins was estimated as 0.010 and 0.086 μg kg−1 bw d−1, amounting to 10% and 86% of the TDI, for adults and infants respectively. These results back up the necessity to take a vigilant attitude in order to minimize human intake of mycotoxins. 相似文献
85.
Yngve Hamnerius 《The Environmentalist》2009,29(2):118-123
The rapid development of wireless technologies leads to increased human exposure to electromagnetic fields from new devices.
Most of these technologies communicate in short to medium range. Communication devices, such as mobile phones (GSM, UMTS,
LTE) and wireless computer networks (WLAN, HSDPA, WIMAX) usually work at distances up to some 10 km. Other techniques like
Bluetooth, RFID, and wireless USB work at distances up to a few meters. RFID systems can use several frequency bands from
low frequencies up to microwaves. The other technologies are mainly using microwave frequencies. Most of these technologies
have a rather low-output power, typically <1 W average power, except for fixed transmitters like base stations. This means
that the exposure from distant sources is low. If the devices are kept close to the body, the local exposure can be in the
range of the levels in the ICNIRP recommendation; this is the case, for example, for mobile phones and WLAN transmitters in
laptops. For distant sources, there exist several measurement techniques such as spectrum analysers, measurement receivers,
and broadband meters. For sources used close to the body, the local SAR levels have to be determined. For this purpose, instruments
measuring the local electric field inside body phantoms have been developed. An alternative to measurements is numerical simulations.
If one has knowledge of the signal characteristics of the different technologies then it is possible to find a suitable measurement
technique to assess the human exposure. 相似文献
86.
Talaat M. Shafik 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):1023-1058
Abstract The presence of pesticides, both persistent and biodegradable, in the environment is a problem which is both significant and potentially dangerous to humans. An index of biodegradability is presented which is based on the correlation between environmental stability and fat solubility. Halogenated pesticides are, therefore, both more fat soluable and more resistant to biodegradation, while methylated pesticides are more water soluable and, therefore, more biodegradable. Three methods for detecting low‐levels of halogenated pesticides are presented: the Macro, the Micro “Florisil,”; and the Micro “Silica.”; A method is also presented to detect these chemicals in blood. Two methods for the detection of nonpersistent, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, Cholinesterase inhibition and urinary metabolites, are described. Finally, methods of monitoring human exposure through the detection of phenols, phenoxy acids, alkyl phophates, and anilines are presented. 相似文献
87.
Lin Li Jiawei M Kaixiong Yang Fengguang Chai Junxin Liu Xuesong Guo 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(10):120-133
Landfill sites are regarded as prominent sources of bioaerosols for the surrounding atmosphere. The present study focused on the emission of airborne bacteria and fungi in four seasons of a sanitary landfill site. The main species found in bioaerosols were assayed using high-throughput sequencing. The SourceTracker method was utilized to identify the sources of the bioaerosols present at the boundary of the landfill site. Furthermore, the health consequences of the exposure to bioaerosols were evaluated based on the average daily dose rates. Results showed that the concentrations of airborne bacteria in the operation area (OPA) and the leakage treatment area (LTA) were in the range of (4684 ± 477)–(10883 ± 1395) CFU/m3 and (3179 ± 453)–(9051 ± 738) CFU/m3, respectively. The average emission levels of fungal aerosols were 4026 CFU/m3 for OPA and 1295 CFU/m3 for LTA. The landfill site received the maximum bioaerosol load during summer and the minimum during winter. Approximately 41.39%– 86.24% of the airborne bacteria had a particle size of 1.1 to 4.7 µm, whereas 48.27%– 66.45% of the airborne fungi had a particle size of more than 4.7 µm. Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., and Paenibacillus sp. were abundant in the bacterial population, whereas Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. dominated the fungal population. Bioaerosols released from the working area and treatment of leachate were the two main sources that emerged in the surrounding air of the landfill site boundary. The exposure risks during summer and autumn were higher than those in spring and winter. 相似文献
88.
Levels and composition of volatile organic compounds on commuting routes in Detroit, Michigan 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Stuart A. Batterman Chung-Yu Peng James Braun 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2002,36(39-40)
Vehicle emissions can constitute a major share of ambient concentrations of many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other air pollutants in urban areas. Especially high concentrations may occur at curbsides, vehicle cabins, and other microenvironments. Such levels are not reflected by monitoring at fixed sites. This study reports on measurements of VOCs made from buses and cars in Detroit, MI. A total of 74 adsorbent tube samples were collected on 40 trips and analyzed by GC-MS for 77 target compounds. Three bus routes, selected to include residential, commercial and heavily industrialized areas, were sampled simultaneously on four sequential weeks during morning and afternoon rush hour periods. Nineteen compounds were regularly detected and quantified, the most prevalent of which included hexane/2-methyl pentane (15.6±5.8 μg m−3), toluene (10.2±7.9 μg m−3), m,p-xylene (6.8±4.7 μg m−3), benzene (4.5±3.0 μg m−3), 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (4.0±2.6 μg m−3), o-xylene (2.2±1.6 μg m−3), and ethylbenzene (2.1±1.5 μg m−3). VOC levels in bus interiors and outdoor levels along the roadway were similar. Despite the presence of large industrial sources, route-to-route variation was small, but temporal variation was large and statistically significant. VOC compositions and trends indicate the dominance of vehicle sources over the many industrial sources in Detroit with the possible exceptions of styrene and several chlorinated VOCs. In-bus levels exceeded concentrations at fixed site monitors by a factor of 2–4. VOC concentrations in Detroit traffic are generally comparable to levels measured elsewhere in the US and Canada, but considerably lower than measured in Asia and Europe. 相似文献
89.
Corburn J 《Environmental management》2002,29(4):451-466
While risk assessment continues to drive most environmental management decision-making, its methods and assumptions have been
criticized for, among other things, perpetuating environmental injustice. The justice challenges to risk assessment claim
that the process ignores the unique and multiple hazards facing low-income and people of color communities and simultaneously
excludes the local, non-expert knowledge which could help capture these unique hazards from the assessment discourse. This
paper highlights some of these challenges to conventional risk assessment and suggests that traditional models of risk characterization
will continue to ignore the environmental justice challenges until cumulative hazards and local knowledge are meaningfully
brought into the assessment process. We ask whether a shift from risk to exposure assessment might enable environmental managers
to respond to the environmental justice critiques. We review the US EPA's first community-based Cumulative Exposure Project,
piloted in Brooklyn, NY, and highlight to what extent this process addressed the risk assessment critiques raised by environmental
justice advocates. We suggest that a shift from risk to exposure assessment can provide an opportunity for local knowledge
to both improve the technical assessment and its democratic nature and may ultimately allow environmental managers to better
address environmental justice concerns in decision-making. 相似文献
90.
非盒属材料的荧光紫外灯曝露试验概述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
荧光紫外灯曝露试验是非金属材料的人工气候老化试验的常用方法,本文着重介绍了荧光紫外灯曝露试验的原理、荧光紫外灯曝露试验设备的要求、主要的荧光紫外灯试验标准以及荧光紫外灯曝露试验应考虑的因素. 相似文献